XENON S-2300 Dual-Stage Sintering System

 

The XENON S-2300 Dual-Stage Sintering System is a breakthrough in materials research, providing unprecedented control of high-energy Pulsed Light for the most challenging curing, annealing, and sintering applications. Materials researchers are using Pulsed Light to explore innovative applications in printed electronics, biosensors, displays, semiconductor films, and other developing research areas. These applications can pose special challenges, especially where heat can damage the substrate, or where thick or multiple layers make uniform curing difficult. The S-2300 is designed to research the sintering characteristics of UV light curable nano inks. XENON does not produce inks or pastes, however we have formed close relationships with a number of companies that supply materials to the printed electronics industry (see list). The XENON S-2300 was designed to meet these challenges with a patent-pending technology that gives materials researchers the ability to manage the energy delivered using a dual-stage pulse profile. With the intuitive touch-screen computer interface, researchers can quickly and easily program up to 40 pulse sequences for unprecedented control over the profile and total Pulsed Light energy delivered to the target area. Energy levels for each stage can be set independently and the system can adjust the pulse duration and amplitude automatically. The ability to quickly establish a wide range of energy exposure profiles supports studies of advanced materials such as nanoparticles and semiconductor thin films.                                                     The S-2300 Dual-Stage Sintering System

New Horizons is go for Pluto flyby

 

Color image of Pluto as seen on July 8 from New Horizons (Credit: NASA) Image Gallery (16 images) After over nine years of travel in deep space, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft is within hours of its historic flyby of Pluto. When the unmanned nuclear-powered probe speeds past the frozen dwarf planet tomorrow at 7:49 am EDT, it will mark not only the success of one of man's most ambitious space missions, but also the completion of the first era of planetary exploration that began in 1962 when the US Mariner 2 mission flew past Venus. Here's what to expect as events unfold. Discovered in 1930 by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto is the final classical planet in the solar system to be visited by an unmanned spacecraft and has been the subject of controversy since being downgraded in 2006 to a dwarf planet; a decision still under debate. Until the 21st century, it's never been more than a faint, frozen, blurry dot, and to the average person it may seem as uninteresting and pointless to visit as a random rock in the Antarctic. However, there's a great deal more to it than ice cube jokes and HP Lovecraft references, which is why NASA spent US$720 million to get there.   Why Pluto One reason why Pluto is of such interest to scientists is that it's different from every other planet in the Solar System. It isn't a terrestrial planet like Earth, nor is it a gas giant like Jupiter. Instead, it's an ice dwarf. That is, a dwarf planet that's composed largely of ice. Also, Pluto is the largest known resident of the Kuiper belt – a band of frozen asteroids, comets, and planetoids that begins at the orbit of Pluto. Little is known of that region, but by studying Pluto, it could not only shed more light on the belt, but also provide clues as to the origins of the Solar System and perhaps even life on Earth. As to Pluto itself, it's not much to look at at first glance. It's smaller than the Moon, with a diameter of only about about 2,380 km (1,500 mi). Its composition is 35 percent ice and 65 percent rock, and has a very low density, as is reflected by its gravity, which is surprisingly low at only six percent of Earth gravity. What Pluto lacks in size, its surface makes up for in unpleasantness. The estimated temperature on Pluto is -233º C (-387º F) and the surface is made of frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane. Meanwhile there's a complex atmosphere of nitrogen, with traces of methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. However, the pressure at the moment is 50,000 times less than on Earth, which makes it pretty much a vacuum, and what's there will probably all freeze as the Plutonian winter sets in over the next few decades. Pluto has five known moons consisting of Charon and four smaller ones named Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos. The largest is Charon with a diameter of 1,200 km (745 mi). Like our Moon, Charon is tidally locked and always shows the same face to Pluto. However, Pluto is also locked, so it always shows the same face to Charon, which is so large in comparison to Pluto that the two form the only double planet in the Solar System, with each rotating every 6.4 Earth days about a common center of gravity located in space. Encounter with Pluto When New Horizons awoke from hibernation six months ago, it began an intense program of study in the run-up to the flyby as well as rehearsals for tomorrow's encounter, as the spacecraft's 16 hydrazine thrusters made trajectory adjustments and ran the probe through flyby simulations. According to NASA, part of this program was making the most of the opportunity for studying the approaching planet. However, another part involved the practical job of scouting out any hazards (such as previously unknown rings) that might require a course correction to avoid, or turning the spacecraft's main antenna to act as a shield against dust particles. In addition, the long-distance images taken were used to provide a precise fix of New Horizon's position and trajectory, so it could hit its target point about 7,750 mi (12,500 km) from Pluto’s surface. As New Horizons drew closer to its goal, the increasingly detailed images began to reveal features that even to the Hubble Space Telescope were mere blurs. Regions of high contrast began to show, then spots and polygonal shapes. The first signs of geology, such as what may be cliffs and craters, became visible and might be clues to the planet's internal composition and history.   What to expect On Tuesday morning at 7:49 am EDT, new Horizons will makes its closest approach to Pluto at a distance of 12,500 km (7,750 mi) and a speed of 14 km/sec (31,000 mph). It will pass over the planet's northern hemisphere, which will be in daylight. During the encounter, Pluto will be 4.77 billion km (2.96 billion mi) from Earth and radio signals will take 4 hours and 25 min to reach the spacecraft. This means that New Horizons must carry out all of its operations autonomously as it aims at a target circle only 300 km (200 mi) in diameter and a timing error of less than 100 seconds. The time delay also means that during the actual flyby, mission control will be completely in the dark as to the status of the spacecraft. Worse, as New Horizons makes the flyby, all its instruments will be aimed at Pluto and its moons, so the probe's main antenna will not be aimed at Earth. Therefore, NASA said at today's mission press conference that no news of the success or failure will reach Earth until about 9:00 pm EDT. In addition, New Horizons has only 202 watts of power available from its radioisotope thermoelectric generator, so the amount of data that can be sent will be very limited. With this in mind, the mission planners have programmed New Horizons to take what are called "contingency samples." The name comes from the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong's first task after taking his first steps on the Moon was to scoop up soil samples just in case he had to hightail it back to the Lunar Module. With the same sense of caution, New Horizons is programmed to collect the best data from its recorders and transmit it back to Earth in case it's damaged or destroyed during the flyby. NASA says that during the flyby, Horizon's suite of seven highly advanced instruments will come into play. These include cameras, spectrometers, radio science experiments, and plasma and dust detectors. As the probe closes with Pluto and its moons, it will carry out 30 scientific objectives that will include mapping, atmospheric studies, and looking for new rings and moons. These will constitute 380 separate observations, such as image captures capable of identifying objects 70 m (230 ft) across, and stereo images. These will help scientists to produce maps of Pluto and Charon with a 40-km (25-mi) resolution, as well as ultraviolet and infrared maps. New Horizons was launched on January 19, 2006, from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida atop a Lockheed Martin Atlas V-551 rocket. It's the fastest spacecraft ever launched, and it reached the distance of lunar orbit in only nine hours. After a February 2007 gravity assist from the planet Jupiter, it reached a speed of 83,600 km/h (52,000 mph) relative to the Sun. Along with other mementos, New Horizons also carries a sample of the ashes of Pluto's discoverer, Clyde Tombaugh. This will make him, in a manner of speaking, the farthest-traveled astronaut in history and the first on a spacecraft that will leave the Solar System. After the encounter with Pluto, New Horizons' mission will be far from finished. It will continue to make observations for weeks as it recedes into deep space. Because it can only send back data to Earth at two kilobits per second, it will be transmitting the results of its flyby for the next 16 months.   Source: NASA

Casa Brutale by Opa Works

 

Posted: 13 Jul 2015 12:00 PM PDT

Casa Brutale est un concept de villa spectaculaire pensé par l’agence OPA Works. En plus de son emplacement inattendu, c’est à dire encastrée dans une falaise surplombant la mer Égée, la villa possède une piscine transparente en guise de toit. L’espace inférieure est ainsi baigné dans une ambiance sous-marine, avec de sublime reflets d’eau et de lumières, et offre une vue imprenable sur l’horizon.

The Incredible Shrinking ESR Machine

 

From NIST Tech Beat: July 14, 2015 Contact: Chad Boutin 301-975-4261 Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have come up with a way to shrink a research instrument generally associated with large machines that make bulk measurements of samples down to a literally pinpoint-precision probe. The team's electron spin resonance (ESR) probe takes a large-scale technique used for decades as a way to explore the overall properties of bulk materials and for the first time makes it useful for exploring tiny objects or specific spots on large ones. The new probe is expected to have a broad range of applications in fields ranging from chemistry to semiconductor design and manufacturing. "We are really over the moon about this work," says NIST's Jason Campbell. "Our new approach brings more than 20,000 times improvement in sensitivity over conventional ESR and allows for investigation of all sorts of samples that were never thought possible." ESR is widely used in chemistry and biology research because it can reveal how molecules stick together. It's widely utilized in an eclectic collection of fields spanning anthropology, fuel science, physiology and meteorology. The expiration dates on some foods in the grocery store are determined using ESR as well. For many foods, shelf life can be predicted well by ESR monitoring the broken chemical bonds that occur over time. But the technique's sensitivity limits relegates it to analyzing materials in bulk—often frustrating scientists, who have imagined wider uses for six decades. If ESR could be trained precisely on small objects or surfaces, it might detect defects on computer chip surfaces or tell us more about the workings of proteins on the surface of cells, to name just two possibilities. Its limitation stems from the need to place the sample into a small resonant chamber. ESR works by combining a magnetic field with microwave energy, which together, get molecular bonds vibrating in telltale ways. The resonant chamber focuses the microwaves on the sample, just like they would in a microwave oven, introducing some of the same problems familiar to microwave chefs. "ESR is quick and convenient in some ways, but you don't have as much control over the spot you're exploring as you might like," says NIST's Jason Campbell. "And you can't put anything metallic or conductive into the resonance chamber, meaning it's very difficult to look at transistors or other electronic devices." The NIST team's innovation was to forgo the resonant chamber entirely. Instead, they introduce microwave energy by forcing high-frequency current through a microscopic wire, which acts as a tooth like probe tip that can be moved within a few micrometers of a sample material. Using this approach, the team was able to examine specific points on a surface. "Combined with other techniques, we can imagine seeing atom-sized defects in chips," says Campbell, an electrical engineer whose work often concerns the semiconductor industry. "But we're also excited for the huge number of people who can now use this technique in chemistry and biology. It's a simple, elegant solution to a longstanding problem." * J.P. Campbell, J.T. Ryan, P.R. Shrestha, Z. Liu, C. Vaz, J. Kim, V. Georgiou and K.P. Cheung. Electron spin resonance scanning probe spectroscopy for ultrasensitive biochemical studies. Analytical Chemistry, DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00487, May 5,2015.

3D printers poised to have major implications for food manufacturing

 

The use of 3D printers has the potential to revolutionize the way food is manufactured within the next 10 to 20 years, impacting everything from how military personnel get food on the battlefield to how long it takes to get a meal from the computer to your table, according to a July 12th symposium at IFT15: Where Science Feeds Innovation hosted by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in Chicago. The price of 3D printers has been steadily declining, from more than $500,000 in the 1980s to less than $1,000 today for a personal-sized device, making them increasingly available to consumers and manufacturers.  Although they are not widely used in food manufacturing yet, that availability is fueling research into how they can be used to customize foods or speed delivery of food to consumers. "No matter what field you are in, this technology will worm its way in," said Hod Lipson, Ph.D., a professor of engineering at Columbia University and a co-author of the book Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing. "The technology is getting faster, cheaper and better by the minute. Food printing could be the killer app for 3D printing." Lipson, addressing the conference by video, said 3D printing is a good fit for the food industry because it allows manufacturers to bring complexity and variety to consumers at a low cost. Traditional manufacturing is built on mass production of the same item, but with a 3D printer, it takes as much time and money to produce a complex, customized product that appeals to one person as it does to make a simple, routine product that would be appealing to a large group. For example, Lipson said, users could choose from a large online database of recipes, put a cartridge with the ingredients into their 3D printer at home, and it would create the dish just for that person. The user could customize it to include extra nutrients or replace one ingredient with another. The U.S. military is just beginning to research similar uses for 3D food printing, but it would be used on the battlefield instead of in the kitchen, said Mary Scerra, food technologist at the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) in Natick, Massachusetts. She said that by 2025 or 2030, the military envisions using 3D printing to customize meals for soldiers that taste good, are nutrient-dense, and could be tailored to a soldier's particular needs. "Imagine warfighters in remote areas -- one has muscle fatigue, one has been awake for a long period without rest, one lacks calories, one needs electrolytes, and one just wants a pizza," Scerra said. "Wouldn't it be interesting if they could just print and eat?" She noted that there are still several hurdles to overcome, such as the cost of bringing the technology to remote areas, the logistics of making it work in those locations and, perhaps most importantly, making sure the food tastes good. "If the meals aren't palatable, they won't be consumed," Scerra said. "It doesn't matter how nutritious they are." Anshul Dubey, research and development senior manager at PepsiCo, said 3D printing already is having an impact within the company, even though it is not yet being used to make food. For example, consumer focus groups were shown 3D-printed plastic prototypes of different shaped and colored potato chips. He said using a prototype such as that, instead of just a picture, elicits a more accurate response from the focus group participants. "Even though the future of food 3D printing looks far off, that doesn't mean it's not impacting the industry," he said. Story Source: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT). Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Researchers find new mechanism that delivers glucose to cancer cells

 

Tue, 07/14/2015 - 11:03am Peter Bracke, UCLA Ernest Wright. Image: UCLA UCLA scientists have identified a new mechanism that delivers a key substance that fuels the growth of pancreatic and prostate cancer cells, a finding that offers new hope in the fight against two of the deadliest forms of the disease. Cancer cells require high amounts of the sugar glucose to survive and grow, and long-standing research has established passive glucose transporters, known as GLUTS, as the primary method the body uses to deliver glucose to tumors. But the results of a three-year study by UCLA researchers, demonstrated that pancreatic and prostate cancer cells also utilize glucose from sodium-dependent glucose transporters known as SGLTs, specifically SGLT2. The findings in the study, which was published online today in the journal PNAS, provide the first promising evidence that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques and SGLT2 inhibitors could be used to better diagnose and treat pancreatic and prostate cancers , said Ernest Wright, professor of physiology in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and lead author of the three-year study. “This is exciting because it provides strong evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors, such as those currently approved by the FDA to treat diabetes, could potentially block glucose uptake and reduce tumor growth and increase survival in pancreatic and prostate cancers,” said Wright, who is also a member of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. Wright, Jorge Barrio, Dr. Claudio Scafoglio and colleagues first mapped the distribution of sodium-dependent glucose transporters in human cancer tumors, then measured glucose uptake in fresh tumors using a glucose analog specifically transported by SGLTs. They observed that SGLT2 was present in pancreatic and prostate andenocarcinomas and that it assisted in delivering the glucose that is vital to cancer growth and survival, Wright said. The team then measured sodium-dependent glucose transporter activity in a mouse cancer model using a radioactive imaging probe for sodium-dependent glucose transporters. This measuring procedure is based on PET imaging techniques pioneered at UCLA. The results confirmed that SGLT2 is actively involved in glucose uptake and the growth of these tumors. Passive glucose transporters serve as the basis for current clinical methods to detect and stage cancer tumors using PET imaging techniques, but this type of imaging is not effective for pancreatic and prostate cancers, Barrio noted. “The specific radioactive imaging probe we have developed for SGLTs on these tumors holds tremendous promise to diagnose, stage and monitor SGLT-based therapeutic interventions in pancreatic and prostate cancers, and potentially other cancers,” said Barrio, a distinguished professor of molecular and medical pharmacology. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States behind only lung, colon and breast cancers, and overall five-year survival rates hover at 7 percent. Prostate cancer, though generally more treatable and with improved survival rates is still the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Wright and Barrio will next begin a clinical study to further investigate the importance of sodium-dependent glucose transporters in glucose delivery. They hope that these findings will lead to the potential use of current Food and Drug Administration-approved SGLT2 inhibitors to reduce the viability of pancreatic and prostate cancer cells and increase patient survival. Source: UCLA

New Monoclonal Antibody for Candida albicans

 

Mon, 06/15/2015 - 2:58pm ViroStat Inc. C. albicans is a fungus present in the majority of people as part of the normal microbial flora. However it can become an opportunistic pathogen-causing oral and genital infections. More serious infections (candidiasis) occur in immunocompromised individuals in conditions involving AIDS, organ/marrow transplantation and chemotherapy. Other species of Candida can also cause candidiasis. C. albicans is dimorphic and can grow as a yeast form or as branching hyphae. The hyphal form is considered to be more invasive and virulent than the yeast form. ViroStat has released a new Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody to Candida. It reacts with all strains of C. albicans tested (12) and is reactive with the Candida species: C. albicans, C. parapsillosis, C. glabrata and C. tropicales. It is non-reactive with other fungi tested (12). This new high affinity antibody functions in IFA and ELISA where it pairs with itself and with ViroStat’s existing Candida polyclonal antibody for Candida detection. ViroStat Inc., www.virostat-inc.com

Electric aircraft makes first English Channel crossing

 

The E-Fan technology demonstrator landing at Calais-Dunkerque Airport (Credit: Airbus Group) Image Gallery (6 images) An electric aircraft has crossed the English Channel for the first time. The question is, which one is it? On Friday, Airbus Group announced that its E-Fan technology demonstrator claimed the prize by flying from Lydd, Kent to Calais. However, it soon came to light that French Aerobat Hugues Duval had flown from Dover to Calais 12 hours earlier on Thursday in a Cri-Cri electric plane. Exactly which one gets in the record books may hinge on a technicality. The first powered flight across the Channel was achieved by Louis Blériot in his Blériot XI on July 25, 1909. Last week's attempts at being the first electric plane to make the same flight was something of a flashback to those days, with no less than three competitors vying for the £1,000 (US$1,500) prize offered by the Daily Mail newspaper. Of course, the money was mainly symbolic, since Airbus alone sunk £14 million (US$22 million) into its effort. In addition, though the flight across the Channel may seem small compared to the ocean-spanning legs of the Solar Impulse 2 circumnavigation attempt, the channel jumpers are aiming for a more immediately practical form of electric flight that could see 100-passenger electric hybrid planes entering service by 2030. The first of the three competitors to fall by the wayside was Pipistrel, a Slovenian company that had to abandon its effort when Siemens, the makers of the plane's electric motor, refused to allow its motor to fly over water. This seemed to leave the field open to the Airbus E-Fan. On July 10, the E-Fan took off from Lydd Airport with test pilot Didier Esteyne at the controls and flew 46 mi (74 km) to Calais in 36 minutes at an altitude of about 3,500 ft. Built with an all-composite construction, the two-seater E-fan is 22 ft (6.7 m) long and has a wingspan of 31 ft (9.5 m). From the outside, it almost looks like a toy jet aircraft with a pair of nacelles that aren't jets, but ducted, variable pitch fans. These are spun by two electric motors powered by a series of 250 V lithium-ion polymer batteries. The ducting increases the thrust while reducing noise, and by centrally mounting them, the fans provide better control. The E-Fan landed in Calais to considerable media attention, but the event went from congratulations to confusion as the Associated Press reported that Hugues Duval had quietly taken off from Dover in his Cri Cri and had landed in Calais some 12 hours earlier on July 9. With a wingspan of about 16 ft (4.9 m) and two 35 bhp Electravia electric motors, the Cri Cri flew at 65 mph (105 km/h) and had a 25 min range. According to AP, Duval's flight took only 17 minutes, which was shorter than the Airbus flight because the latter aircraft circled Lydd Airport after taking off while a helicopter carried out a visual safety check. One difference in Duval's flight that may be a point of controversy is that he did not have formal permission to take off from Dover, so his aircraft was towed into the air by a conventional plane. This assistance may place recognizing Duval's record flight in jeopardy. "We are not worried," said Airbus spokesman Jeremy Greaves said in a Daily Mail interview. "It would not count because we understand he set off from another plane. We applaud the intrepid aviator that did this, although the actual details are yet to be confirmed."   Source: Airbus

Friendship Between Owlet and Kitten

 

Posted: 13 Jul 2015 11:00 AM PDT

Au Hukulou Coffee Shop à Osaka, au Japon est née une amitié peu commune. Un hibou et un chaton ont tissé une relation amicale profonde. L’établissement est en réalité un « Owl Cafe » qui permet d’y amener son hibou. Cette pratique devient de plus en plus populaire au Japon et dans certaines villes dans le Monde.

 

Gigantic Ball Pool in Museum

 

Posted: 13 Jul 2015 01:00 PM PDT

Le studio expérimental Snarkitecture, basé à Brooklyn, est à l’origine d’une installation pour le moins originale, au coeur du célèbre National Building Museum de la ville de Washington. En effet, leur création interactive intitulée The Beach est composée d’une gigantesque piscine à balles blanches de dix milles mètres carrés, dans laquelle les visiteurs peuvent plonger. Cette dernière est accompagnée de chaises longues et parasols blancs, offrant un aspect monochrome à leur projet.

 

Robotics and the law: When software can harm you

An artist’s concept of a NASA robotic refueling mission. Shown here, cameras light the way as a tool from a robotic refueling mission approaches a satellite to cut wire, one of the steps to remotely accessing a satellite’s triple-sealed fuel valve. Credit: NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center Recent headlines declaring "Robot Kills Man in Germany" are examples of growing news coverage about the impact of robots on society. This is the subject of a new law review article by a University of Washington faculty member. Twenty years in, the law is finally starting to get used to the Internet. Now it is imperative, says Ryan Calo, assistant professor in the UW School of Law, that the law figure out how to deal effectively with the rise of robotics and artificial intelligence. "Technology has not stood still. The same private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have initiated a significant shift toward robotics and artificial intelligence," writes Calo in "Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw." His article, published in June in the California Law Review, is among the first to examine what the introduction of robotics and artificial intelligence means for law and policy. Robotics, Calo adds, is shaping up to be the next transformative technology of our time: "Courts that struggled for the proper metaphor to apply to the Internet will struggle anew with robotics." Though mention of robotics and artificial intelligence can prompt images of unstoppable Terminators and mutinous HAL 9000 computers, Calo dismisses such drama early on. "And yet," he adds, "the widespread distribution of robotics in society will, like the Internet, create deep social, cultural, economic and of course legal tensions" long before any such sci-fi-style future. To Calo, robotics is essentially different than the Internet and so will raise different legal issues. "Robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm," Calo writes. "Robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance, and robots increasingly blur the line between person and instrument." But does that mean robotics and artificial intelligence need different treatment under the law, or different laws entirely, than the technologies of which they are made, such as computers? In the paper and a 2014 article in Slate on the same subject, Calo relates an anecdote about Chicago judge and law professor Frank Easterbrook, who in 1996 famously likened research in Internet law to studying "the law of the horse." Easterbrook felt any single approach is doomed to "be shallow and to miss unifying principles." Calo quotes science fiction writer Cory Doctorow, who in a response to Calo wrote in The Guardian that he could not think of a legal principle applicable to robots that would not also be usefully applied to the computer, and vice versa. "I disagreed with Easterbrook then and I disagree with Doctorow now," Calo writes. "Robotics has a different set of essential qualities than the Internet, which animate a new set of legal puzzles." Calo's conclusion is, in a sense, a follow-up to his 2014 call for the creation of a federal robotics commission: Robotics and artificial intelligence, he finds, have essentially different qualities than the law has yet faced. "So I join a chorus of voices, from Bill Gates to the White House, to assume that robotics represents an idea whose time has come. The qualities, and the experiences they generate, occasion a distinct catalogue of legal and policy issues that sometimes do, and sometimes do not, echo the central questions of contemporary cyberlaw." Calo, whom Business Insider named one of the most important people working in robotics, concludes, "Cyberlaw will have to engage, to a far greater degree, with the prospect of data causing physical harm, and to the line between speech and action. Rather than think of how code controls people, cyberlaw will think of what people can do to control code." Calo's recent paper has already attracted commentary from a fellow legal scholar, Yale Law School's Jack. M. Balkin, who calls it a valuable discussion: "Calo's account of the problems that robotics present for law is just terrific, and I believe it is destined to be the starting point for much future research in the area." Story Source: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Washington. The original item was written by Peter Kelley. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference: Ryan Calo. Robotics and the New Cyberlaw. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014; DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2402972