quinta-feira, 9 de outubro de 2014

7 projetos curiosos da NASA para o futuro da humanidade

 

Embora o nome da NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) esteja ligado de forma indissociável à exploração do espaço, muitos dos projetos desenvolvidos pela agência americana acabam resultando em produtos que modificam nosso cotidiano aqui mesmo na Terra. Dessa forma, é sábio prestar que está sendo trabalhado atualmente por ela, já que isso pode nos dar vários relances sobre como vamos lidar com a tecnologia no futuro.

Neste artigo, reunimos alguns dos projetos mais curiosos que estão sendo desenvolvidos atualmente pela entidade. Embora muitos deles pareçam estranhos e desafiem os limites da lógica, o fato de todos estarem baseados na mais pura ciência nos deixa animados quanto à perspectiva de que um dia eles passem a afetar de maneira concreta a maneira como vivemos.

 

1) Viagem sem uso de combustíveis

Novos motores espaciais atualmente em desenvolvimento pela NASA parecem violar as leis de movimento e conservação de energia de Newton — e, mesmo assim, eles continuam a funcionar. Adotando um design cônico distinto, a Cannae Drive consegue criar impulso em um processo que dispensa totalmente a projeção de combustíveis.

Para isso, o dispositivo usa a radiação de micro-ondas para produzir pressão, o que faz com que ele seja propelido na direção desejada. Embora o projeto ainda esteja em fase de desenvolvimento, já há uma alternativa parecida — conhecida como EmDrive — em produção no Reino Unido.

Atualmente, o Cannae Drive consegue produzir somente alguns micronewtons de energia — valor ainda menor do que o bater de asas de uma borboleta. No entanto, a invenção mostra relances de que a NASA pode eventualmente desenvolver um tipo totalmente novo e revolucionário de motor que não só eliminaria o uso de combustíveis fósseis, como também tornaria viagens ao espaço profundo algo viável.

 

2) Controle aéreo para drones

Embora drones já sejam algo comum em zonas militarizadas ou que passam por alguma espécie de conflito bélico, logo eles devem tomar os céus das grandes cidades do mundo. Ciente dessa tendência, a NASA está desenvolvendo um sistema de controle aéreo capaz de coordenar os movimentos e rotas desses pequenos aparelhos não tripulados.

Os primeiros testes do sistema devem ser conduzidos em áreas rurais — o que deve evitar que um aparelho em chamas caia acidentalmente na porta de sua casa. Em sua etapa inicial, o projeto deve se focar em drones usados para fiscalizar o crescimento e a distribuição de safras em território norte-americano.

A previsão é a de que, serem usados em escala comercial, drones vão voar a uma altura que varia entre 120 e 150 metros de altitude. Ao que tudo indica, o sistema da NASA vai começar a surtir os primeiros resultados em um período mínimo de quatro anos, visto a grande quantidade de variáveis que devem ser levadas em conta durante sua elaboração.

 

3) Ratos astronautas

Como forma de estudar os resultados que a exposição prolongada a microgravidades causam em mamíferos, a NASA deve enviar em breve ao espaço sua primeira tripulação de “ratos astronautas”. Os roedores, cuja expectativa de vida é de dois anos, devem passar seis meses dentro da Estação Espacial Internacional e vão ser observados em diferentes estágios de suas vidas.

Embora ratos já tenham sido enviados ao espaço anteriormente, essa vai ser a primeira vez que animais do tipo passam tanto tempo fora da atmosfera terrestre. O objetivo da agência é estudar a maneira como eles se comportam e se desenvolvem em comparação com a forma como isso acontece em ambientes comuns.

Os “miniastronautas” devem viver dentro de ambientes artificiais que contam com tudo o que é necessário para uma vida confortável, incluindo companhias (cada módulo pode abrigar 10 camundongos ou 6 ratos). A esperança é a de que o experimento traga respostas contundentes sobre como a baixa gravidade afeta organismos de mamíferos, que são bastante semelhantes entre si do ponto de vista fisiológico.

 

4) Fazendas espaciais

Embora a relativa proximidade da Estação Espacial Internacional em relação à Terra torne fácil reabastecer seus suprimentos de comida, isso não seria exatamente viável caso a estrutura estivesse próxima de Marte, por exemplo. Assim, não é de se estranhar que uma das principais preocupações da NASA atualmente seja a de criar meios eficientes de cultivar alimentos no ambiente espacial.

Para isso, a agência desenvolveu vegetais “astrofônicos”, cuja primeira leva foi entregue à Estação em abril deste ano. Iluminadas por uma série de LEDs na cor vermelha, unidades especiais responsáveis pelo crescimento de folhas de alface apresentam sementes, fertilizantes e argila em seu interior.

Assim que chegarem a seu estado de maturação, as plantas vão ser congeladas e enviadas de volta à Terra para passar por uma fase de estudos. Caso elas se provem seguras para consumo humano, isso pode inaugurar uma nova era da alimentação espacial, oferecendo aos astronautas um cardápio mais variado do que o atual.

 

5) Dextre

Uma das imagens mais emblemáticas de qualquer filme que trate sobre astronautas — as caminhadas espaciais — pode em breve se tornar algo exclusivo da ficção. Tudo isso graças a um robô conhecido como “Dextre”, que deve ficar fixado permanentemente à estrutura da Estação Espacial Internacional com o único objetivo de realizar processo de manutenção e reparos.

Desenvolvido pela Agência Espacial Canadense (CSA), o Dextre possui 3,5 metros de altura, braços preênseis (que podem se agarrar a algo) com quase a mesma extensão e o peso nada modesto de 1,7 tonelada. O aparelho pode ser controlado de forma remota por astronautas, embora os protocolos de segurança usados atualmente ditem que todos seus comandos devem ser enviados da superfície terrestre — tarefa coordenada que vai caber à NASA e à CSA.

Já em processo de operação, o robô tem desempenhado suas funções de maneira competente e até o momento não apresentou qualquer espécie de problema. Caso o dispositivo continue funcionando da maneira esperada, ele deve oferecer aos astronautas um precioso tempo extra para que eles possam se concentrar na realização de experiências.

 

6) Exploração da lua Europa

A lua de Júpiter conhecida como Europa há tempos tem intrigado cientistas pelo seu potencial de revelar a existência de vida alienígena. No entanto, há um grande problema que impede a realização de pesquisas mais aprofundadas — mais especificamente, a existência de uma barreira de gelo com mais de 30 quilômetros de espessura.

Se a tarefa de realizar uma escavação do tipo em ambiente terrestre já seria um grande desafio matemático, ela se torna ainda mais difícil quando se leva em consideração que estamos falando de uma região a 778 milhões de quilômetros de distância de nosso planeta. No entanto, isso não impede que o projeto de explorar a região já mostre sinais promissores para o futuro.

Graças a um financiamento de US$ 15 milhões concedido pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, a primeira etapa dessa missão deve ser iniciada em algum momento de 2022. Para isso, a NASA está desenvolvendo uma nova tecnologia de escavação que usa um canhão baseado em energia atômica como seu núcleo — projeto conhecido como VALKYRIE.

Atualmente, o equipamento está sendo testado na Geleira Matanuska, no estado norte-americano do Alasca. Para conseguir penetrar as camadas de gelo que bloqueiam o acesso à lua Europa, o equipamento usa jatos de água a temperaturas altíssimas que, até o momento, se mostraram eficientes em fazer os cortes necessários para que a missão possa obter sucesso.

 

7) Satélites compactos

A próxima geração de satélites da NASA pode ser radicalmente diferente dos aparelhos gigantescos e desajeitados usados atualmente. Na verdade, muitos deles devem ter uma aparência até mesmo simpática e um tamanho pequeno o suficiente para que você possa carregá-los sem problema usando somente uma mão.

Exemplo dessa nova tecnologia é o CubeSat, um objeto em forma cúbica com 10 centímetros de lado e peso total de somente 1,3 quilo. Graças às características customizáveis do aparelho, a agência norte-americana está permitindo que estudantes e escolas criem seus próprios designs e características — as opções mais interessantes eventualmente devem ser enviadas ao espaço.

Outra iniciativa nesse sentido são os satélites com tamanho semelhante ao de selos postais que foram enviados em 2011 junto à Endeavour para serem fixados na Estação Espacial Internacional. Caso os testes dessa tecnologia se provem bem-sucedidos, em breve ela pode passar a ser usada de forma massiva e, em alguns anos, substituir completamente os processos de produção caros e trabalhosos usados nos satélites atuais.

 

Fonte : www.tecmundo.com.br

Mortality risk of overweight, obesity similar for blacks, whites

 

October 8, 2014

American Cancer Society

The increased risk of premature death associated with a higher body mass index is similar for African Americans and whites, researchers have concluded. "While recent large studies have examined the relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality in white and Asian populations in the United States, this relationship has not been well-characterized in African Americans," said the first author of the study.


A study from American Cancer Society researchers finds the increased risk of premature death associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) is similar for African Americans and whites, in contrast to previous, smaller studies that indicated the association may be weaker for African Americans. The study, published in the open-access, online publication PLOS ONE, finds that among never smokers without prevalent disease, overweight and obesity are strongly associated with subsequent risk of mortality in every race. The authors say given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among all racial-ethnic populations, and the disproportionately higher rates in African Americans among whom 35 percent are obese, the findings are of considerable clinical and public health relevance.

For the study, researchers led by Alpa V. Patel, Ph.D., analyzed data from the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II), a large, prospective study. The analysis included approximately one million men and women. The study was able to address several major unresolved issues in the study of BMI and mortality. Results showed that men and women who were underweight were at higher risk of mortality as were men and women who were overweight and obese compared to normal weight men and women. The study also confirmed that smoking and prevalent disease significantly modified the association between BMI and mortality, such that the strongest associations were among never smokers without prevalent disease for men and women. In healthy never smokers, mortality rates were lowest within the upper end of the normal BMI category for all race sex groups. In addition, weight in late middle age but not older (i.e., 70 years or older) was strongly associated with future mortality. Excess body weight is known to increase risk of premature death and risk of various chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and many types of cancer.

"While recent large studies have examined the relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality in white and Asian populations in the United States, this relationship has not been well-characterized in African Americans," said Dr. Patel. "The American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study-II is very well-suited to address this issue because of its large size, including nearly a million participants, and long-term follow-up of 28 years, making it the largest study to date in African Americans."


Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by American Cancer Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Alpa V. Patel, Janet S. Hildebrand, Susan M. Gapstur. Body Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality in a Large Prospective Cohort of White and Black U.S. Adults. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (10): e109153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109153

 

Pai leva as filhas para o mundo da fantasia usando Photoshop–18 fotos

 

Pai criativo

 

filhas_mundo_fantasia_John_Wilhelm_03 - 2

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

 

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

Computers are easier to use and more dependable with each new generation of hardware and operating system update, but that doesn't mean they're problem-free. Here's a look at the five most popular tools for troubleshooting your computer problems.

Earlier this week we asked you to share your favorite diagnostic tool. Below, we've rounded up the top five answers, and now we're back to highlight the most popular computer diagnostic tools among Lifehacker readers.

SIW (Windows, Free)

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

If things haven't gotten bad enough that you're forced to take refuge with a Live CD, SIW is a Windows-based diagnostic tool that can help you get to the bottom of things. SIW is incredibly detailed in its analysis, next to nothing is left uncatalogued from the timings of your memory modules to the DLL files loaded to what applications you have set to autorun at startup. Even if you're not currently experiencing any computer issues, SIW gives you a really interesting peek inside your computer.

Hiren's BootCD (Live CD, Free)

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

Hiren's BootCD is an impressive toolkit rolled into one packed DOS-based Live CD. Sporting over a hundred separate diagnostic and repair tools, Hiren's BootCD can help you do everything from diagnose a memory problem to clone a disk to speed test your video card. If you can't find out what is wrong with your computer after running through all the tools on Hiren's BootCD the diagnostic answer you may end up at is "Time to buy a new computer." A note about Hiren's BootCD: many of the diagnostic tools gathered on the disc are abandonware or older versions of still produced commercial software. The legal status of Hiren's BootCD is murky so Hiren doesn't directly host the disc image himself. You'll need to search Google to find locations like here and here where the disc is hosted. If you're not comfortable with murky areas of Hiren's method for assembling the boot disc, you'll find plenty of other excellent boot discs in this Hive Five that contain only freeware and open-source software.

Google/Search Engines (Web-based, Free)

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

Your first reaction to the phrase "computer diagnostic tool" might not be "Google!", but every computer diagnosis begins with the user wondering what the error code or chain of events leading up to the error means. We've solved countless problems around the Lifehacker office by simply plugging in an error code or describing the problem in common terms and letting Google do the heavy lifting. Google tirelessly kicks back thousands of web pages, forum posts, and even old Usenet postings to help you drill down to your specific issue. Your favorite search engine isn't necessarily a diagnostic tool in the traditional sense, but it should be the first place you stop whenever you have a computer issue. Many of the solutions we've found over the years using Google were extremely specific and pointed us towards using a just-for-that-problem application or tweak we would have never found otherwise.1

Ubuntu Live CD (Live CD, Free)

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

You'll find no shortage of Live CDs for Linux distributions, but Ubuntu has a particularly user-friendly Live CD and many people have experience with Ubuntu outside of diagnostic work, both make an Ubuntu Live CD extra appealing. You can use an Ubuntu Live CD to test your computer's memory, recover data, or scan your computer for viruses among other tasks. Live CDs are great for giving you a platform to work off of independently of your troubled system and an Ubuntu Live CD has the benefit of an enormous community of Ubuntu users and all the accompanying how-to guides and information.

Ultimate Boot CD for Windows (UBCD4Win) (Live CD, Free)

Five Best Computer Diagnostic Tools

If you're a Windows user and you're not comfortable going back to your roots with a DOS-based boot disc and you definitely don't feel comfortable with a Linux one then UBCD4Win is just what you're looking for. UBCD4Win's strongest selling point is the stripped down version of Windows XP—Windows PE—which makes it dead simple for Windows users to jump in and start using the numerous diagnostic tools on UBCD4Win. When your version of Windows is flaking out on you, it's comforting to jump into a Live CD version of Windows to continue your diagnostic work without having to mess around with the nuances of using a Linux Live CD.


How to Control Your Smart Home Connectivity

 

By: Kasey Stanton 09 October 2014

Until the day that all homes are built with custom integration, there will be a struggle to integrate smart home technology into your current unsatisfying system, making you question why you still have to get out of bed to turn off the lights.
The simplest answer to this problem may be to hire a custom system integrator and redo the entire ecosystem of your home electronics. Another approach is buying individual smart home products as you can. Although they may function well on their own, the acquisition of all of these distinct gadgets still leaves you with the challenge of integrating them into one controllable network.
Many companies are noticing this need for consolidation and are rushing to fill the void. With their newest software update,
Apple TV gets one step closer to becoming a go-to hub for centralized smart homes. Similarly, startup company Winkhas been hard at work creating a box that translates the dozens of apps needed to control each individual product into one manageable network. 
There may be some loose ends to tie up in the smart home market, but once you have a solid integrated network the possibilities are endless.

Kasey Stanton

Web Content, Coordinator

Consumer Electronics Association

 

Snap 2014-10-09 at 17.27.22

 

 

 

 

What's your status? Health risks of low social status

A Tsimane leader mediates a dispute between villagers.

That's hardly news to anthropologists at UC Santa Barbara, but they were taken by surprise when research findings indicated that the same relationship exists among the Tsimane, an egalitarian society of forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Their work is published online in the journal Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.

Myriad studies have shown that low social status can have negative effects on health, both in humans and in our non-human primate relatives. This status-health relationship adds moral weight to current debates about the increasing inequality in industrialized societies. What is surprising about the relationship between status and health, the researchers argue, is that the improved access to health care, food, housing and other benefits that money and influence can buy do not fully explain it. Instead, the growing consensus is that the health risks of low status are due in part to the chronic psychosocial stress of the rat race itself, and of perceived social subordination, whether by other individuals or by institutions.

"Status has its obvious rewards in a modern, stratified society -- if you were on the sinking Titanic in 1912 and you were high status, then it was more likely there was a place for you on one of the lifeboats," said Michael Gurven, professor of anthropology at UCSB and senior author of the paper. "Or status is key if it brings you preferential access to arable land and livestock in a land-limited society with rigid rules of inheritance."

But with the Tsimane, he continued, none of that is relevant. Everyone has access to farmland, and everyone can freely fish, hunt and gather. Villages do have leaders, but no one holds sway over anyone else. If people don't like the leadership in one village, they simply move to another.

"We're able to show that there are measurable differences in recognized social status even within the egalitarian context, and that these differences matter," Gurven continued.

"They're all equal, and yet social status is important. It impacts their perceptions, their level of stress and their health."

To examine whether or not lower status is more benign in small-scale, relatively egalitarian societies in which group members frequently share food and other resources, lack coercive authority, and where people have little wealth to contest, the investigators studied the relationship between status and biomarkers of stress and disease among Tsimane men.

While decision-making during village meetings is consensus-based, the opinions and desires of certain men carry more weight. These same men are often solicited to mediate disputes or represent villagers' interests with outsiders. Over months of fieldwork, the researchers, including lead author Christopher von Rueden, an assistant professor of leadership studies at the University of Richmond and formerly a postdoctoral student working with Gurven at UCSB, measured the informal political influence of all men from four villages by having other Tsimane evaluate these men on a number of dimensions.

These same men also provided urinary cortisol samples and received medical examinations from physicians associated with the Tsimane Health and Life History Project, which is co-directed by Gurven and Hillard S. Kaplan of the University of New Mexico.

The researchers found that Tsimane men with less formal political influence have higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol. In industrialized societies, high cortisol levels often indicate chronic psychosocial stress. In addition, less influential Tsimane men are at higher risk for respiratory infection, which is the most common cause of sickness and death in their society. By studying the same individuals over a four-year period, the researchers showed that the greater the decline in influence, the higher the levels of cortisol and the likelihood of respiratory illness.

The researchers also found that influential Tsimane men receive more deference and social support, which can mitigate risks of conflict, sickness and food shortage. "One could argue that social status is more important for the Tsimane than it is for modern Americans," said Gurven. "In our society, you may be unpopular, but if you have enough money, you can buy what you need, including insurance, and people will be willing to help you for a price you can afford. Without the support networks that come with greater social capital and status, you don't have the ability to buffer the kinds of health and economic risks the Tsimane face every day."

According to von Rueden, the research suggests why our minds evolved to attach such significance to our perceived social status. "Small-scale societies like the Tsimane shed light on our evolutionary history, during which we lived in groups much more egalitarian than the hereditary inequality and social stratification of recent human history," he said.

"Furthermore, our political competitors and cooperative partners were individuals with whom we interacted regularly," he continued. "It is telling that even in modern large-scale societies the status comparisons most consequential for psychosocial stress are typically among individuals who are in close geographic proximity or who occupy the same social network rather than between individuals at opposite ends of the socioeconomic spectrum. The importance of relative status perceptions to human psychology has its roots in the small-scale societies of our ancestors."

The impact of social status intersects with another area of inquiry by anthropologists at UCSB that examined the increased risk of depression among older adult members of Tsimane society. "One important determinant of your status is your physical ability to be useful and to produce food and be useful to others," explained Gurven. "If you can produce food, you can share it. With physical aging and a decreasing ability to remain productive at late ages is when we see a big increase in depression."

Findings from that study are published online in the Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences.

"Food insecurity is the single biggest risk factor for depression," noted Ben Trumble, a postdoctoral researcher in anthropology at UCSB. "While Tsimane culture values older adults, their social status declines at late ages, just as does their ability to produce food and help others."

It is often claimed that the pinnacle of misery occurs during the "midlife crisis," after which people adapt to their circumstances, reshape their outlook on life and become less unhappy at late ages, according to Gurven. "In one of the first systematic studies of depression in a small-scale society, we show that the midlife crisis generalization is not universal -- where your physical capabilities are critical for economic productivity, being of sound body and mind is really important," he said. The researchers found that among the Tsimane, depression increases with age in adulthood, but the effect disappears after controlling for differences in physical capabilities and food production.

"It's really that physical ability combined with health and the ability to produce and turn food into social capital are crucial for Tsimane psychological wellbeing," Gurven said.

Being viewed as proficient or expert in activities other than food production -- the ritual expert or shaman, for example -- may buy someone status even when his economic productivity is waning, but only up to a point, Gurven continued. "As your ability to support yourself and your kin -- to feel and be useful to others -- decreases, status declines and depression increases," he said.

Noted Jonathan Stieglitz, lead author on the depression paper and a postdoctoral researcher for the Tsimane Health and Life History Project: "While depression is often thought of as a pathology, there may be a motivating aspect to it -- to pause and evaluate the circumstances of your life and abilities, in order to shift activities toward those that increase your utility to kin. Depression may be prolonged or worsen if you remain a chronic burden to kin. Under those circumstances, we often see a downward spiral of physical health eventually leading to death."

International collaborations produce more influential science, analysis finds

 


Science is increasingly a global pursuit, with more and more collaborations spanning national and continental boundaries. A new analysis calculating the scientific impact of 1.25 million journal articles finds that papers with authors from multiple countries are cited more often and more likely to both appear in prestigious journals.

The study, published in PLOS ONE by scientists at the University of Chicago, the University of Florida, and the Computation Institute, also provides a new perspective on the changing global landscape of scientific influence.

"Some of the countries that we don't necessarily think of as leaders of science are now rising quite rapidly both in how many papers they're putting out and how well those papers are doing once they're published," said first author Matthew Smith, a graduate student in Ecology & Evolution at the University of Chicago. "Whereas some more established countries, such as the United States, are decreasing in both the proportion of papers published and how well their papers are performing."

The rise of international scientific collaborations has been called "the fourth age of research," shaking up traditionally insular science practices and bringing more countries into the global science community. Previous studies have found that papers with authors from more than one country attract more citations, proportional to the total number of papers published.

For their new analysis, Smith, senior author Stefano Allesina, and co-authors Cody Weinberger and Emilio Bruna introduced an additional measure of scientific impact: journal placement. In addition to serving as a marker of impact itself, the prestige of the journal where a paper appears also influences its eventual citation performance.

"I think this is a more democratic measure of ranking countries," said Allesina, Professor of Ecology & Evolution at the University of Chicago and faculty at the Computation Institute. "This tells you a little bit more of the story because it uses two steps, and one of them is really to do not with the country itself, but with the way science works. Looking at how you are doing once you published is a better measure of the relative quality of the paper itself."

The authors analyzed 1.25 million articles from 1996 to 2012, acquired through the Scopus database, concentrating on eight scientific fields ranging from condensed-matter physics to psychology. On both journal placement and citation performance, international collaborations outperform domestic papers.

"International papers do better than non-international papers across all the fields we looked at," Smith said. "There are differences in the magnitude of the effect, but it's always better to have authors from various countries, even after controlling for the effect of just having more authors."

The study then looked at the performance of individual countries on these two measures. Overall, they found that citation performance correlates with journal placement, but some countries earned more (China, Brazil, Egypt) or fewer (Japan, Israel) citations than expected in some fields.

Potential causes for these outliers include bias for or against countries during the peer review process or in citations, language barriers, or differences in academic culture. For example, a scientist in a developing country may not have the same incentives to publish in a top-tier journal as scientists in more established regions.

"Publishing in top journals is a lot of work; for the same exact paper, you have to do twice as much, because the reviewers are very skeptical," Allesina said. "Now imagine that the effect of having a paper in Nature versus a smaller journal is exactly the same for your career and for your funding level, what would you do? That's one thing that changes quite a bit from country to country."

Over time, the analysis shows a shift away from traditional science powers in North America and Europe towards a more widely distributed map of scientific participation. Decreases in publication and citation share from the United States, United Kingdom, and France are mirrored by increases in those measures from China, India, and South Korea.

Examining both citation performance and journal placement may provide countries with new metrics for assessing their strengths and weaknesses in different scientific fields. But for underperforming countries, a boost in research spending may not be the solution. An analysis of the effect of GDP and national research and development spending found a positive effect on journal placement, but not citation performance.

"Economic drivers had a very asymmetric effect on how they influenced these performances," Smith said. "They were more correlated with the journal placement than they were with citation performance, which was interesting. It seems that richer countries get into better journals, but they don't necessarily get better citations."


Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Computation Institute. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Matthew J. Smith, Cody Weinberger, Emilio M. Bruna, Stefano Allesina. The Scientific Impact of Nations: Journal Placement and Citation Performance. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (10): e109195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109195

 

Gaming Carbon Must End to Solve Global Warming

 

Can economic incentives evolve to combat climate change?

Oct 6, 2014 By David Biello

tax-carbon-sign-at-peoples-climate-march

Good Chinese communists now trade a commodity that can neither be seen nor felt, yet is responsible for changing the climate. The country has set up seven markets for trading carbon dioxide to test whether such a market can help restrain China's growing pollution problem. Taken together, the markets are the second largest in the world—after the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. Early results from one of the markets, in the burgeoning city of Shenzhen, are promising, including reductions of 2.5 million metric tons of pollution, according to Vice Mayor Tang Jie. That's in contrast to China as a country's failure thus far to cut carbon intensity—the amount of pollution emitted as industry works—as promised in its 12th Five Year Plan, which ends next year.
"We desperately need speed and scale and action on climate change," says
Rachel Kyte, the World Bank's special envoy for climate change. "Carbon pricing is a necessary if insufficient first step in [a country's] transformation toward an economy that is competitive and creating jobs, but is decarbonizing and on track for zero net emissions by the second half of the century."
In other words, the
World Bank wants a price on carbon, like that occurring in these seven regions of China, because its team of economists and financiers thinks that climate change is an outcome of getting the prices of different sources of energy wrong. Fossil fuels are too cheap, and various alternatives—whether nuclear or solar—are too expensive. As Kyte notes, it's all about "getting prices right."
That phrase really means raising the price of fossil fuels. If coal, gas and oil are more expensive, then
geothermal, hydropower, nuclear, solar and wind power become relatively cheap. "You clearly have to put a price on carbon so there is a level playing field and the cost of renewable energy is actually less than fossil-fuel generated electricity," says Ted Roosevelt, a managing director at global bank Barclays. That is the only way to encourage the massive investment in deploying the clean energy technology that is necessary to combat climate change. The "price" can be a direct tax, an allowance in a cap-and-trade scheme, or some other financial mechanism.
The World Bank used its financial weight to convince 74 countries, 23 states, provinces or cities and more than 1,000 businesses, including oil giant Shell, plus investors to join in a
call for such a global price on carbon at the United Nation's Climate Summit on September 23.
The problem is: a price on carbon has not always worked to restrain carbon pollution. Even though more than 60 countries, cities, states and provinces have some form of a price on carbon—and many companies have an internal one,
including ExxonMobil—the amount of CO2 being dumped into the sky continues to grow.
Old idea
The idea of
charging rent for using the sky as a dump first popped up in 1920. Arthur Pigou, a top economist at the University of Cambridge, proposed taxing companies for the amount of pollution they emitted into the atmosphere. Pigou speculated that forcing companies to pay for the use of the air would discourage pollution, just as sin taxes on alcohol or tobacco discourage drinking and smoking. The idea never really caught on outside of academic circles, perhaps because even high sin taxes have failed to completely cure bad habits.
Other economists floated similar ideas over time, but it was the late
Ronald Coase, a British-born economist who ended up teaching the dismal science at University of Chicago Law School, who first proposed the idea of assigning legal rights to pollute.
Polluters would be given (or sold) the right to pollute. Victims of the pollution, whether individuals or corporations or governments, could then purchase these rights to keep the polluters from polluting. A
market would spring up and eventually reveal a level of pollution and cost acceptable to both the polluting company and society—an economically optimal level of pollution. Ownership would promote stewardship.
In 1991 Coase was awarded the Nobel Prize for this insight and throughout the 1990s
environmental markets took hold in the U.S. to address everything from acid rain to water pollution. But the most ambitious effort to implement Coase's theory came in the effort to reduce the cost of cutting greenhouse gas pollution: international treaties to combat climate change, such as the Kyoto Protocol, built in trading as a key component.
To help the Kyoto process along, the World Bank set up
investment funds in the early years of the 21st century dedicated solely to developing projects that could produce carbon credits. Each credit represented a specified reduction in CO2 that could then be sold to companies or countries with emission reduction problems. The new credits would help cancel out the pollution spewed by industry. Projects included new tree plantations, switching from coal burning to less-polluting fuels, and the destruction of ultrapowerful greenhouse gases like hydrofluorocarbons.
What happened instead was that Chinese companies cornered the market on both making and destroying such HFCs, reaping millions of dollars in profit. Companies were set up specifically to create HFC, only so that they could be
paid to destroy the chemicals. An analysis by researchers at Stanford University found that as much as two thirds of all the emission reductions sold in this global carbon market were fake. The problem with Coase's pollution markets is that they can be gamed.
Financial schemes
Gaming was less of an issue when the European Union set up its
Emissions Trading Scheme, in part because it followed the U.S. experience in trading the pollution that caused acid rain and had direct government oversight. But a different flaw emerged. In the U.S. power-plant owners traded allowances to emit sulfur dioxide under an overall cap, and acid rain–forming pollution was reduced at a low overall cost. In the ETS national governments gave allowances to emit carbon dioxide to various companies that pollute a lot. Swayed by lobbying, the bureaucrats in charge handed out too many. European utilities and other industries reaped millions of Euros from the free allowances while enjoying an overall cap that allowed pollution to continue to rise. This scheme to reduce greenhouse gases failed to cut pollution, among other problems. European leaders are now calling for a cull of excess allowances to partially fix the problem.
Another solution to the challenge of carbon markets has been to charge polluters for allowances in the first place, to ensure that the public reaps some gain from granting the right to pollute a common good like the air. In the cap-and-trade market that encompasses nine northeastern and mid-Atlantic states in the U.S.—the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative—
auctions of such allowances have raised nearly $1 billion, more than two thirds of which has been invested in energy-efficiency programs or rebates or subsidies for clean energy. In California, which has its own separate program, a portion of allowance auction proceeds was used to deliver a $35 credit on every state resident's electricity bill this past April.
The magic of markets cannot accomplish everything, however. A pollution market cannot eliminate pollution, for what then would be left to trade? Markets also cannot offer justice: The burden of bad air falls disproportionately on the poor, who cannot afford to move away from major pollution sources such as oil refineries or coal-fired power plants or pay not to be polluted. Such markets also require continual oversight by government, both to ensure that polluters are only emitting what they say they are emitting but also that they actually have the allowances for that level of emissions—an oversight that is often lacking. And, like most markets, pollution markets are not truly free, distorted by the whims of government.
As any trader, even a Communist one, can tell you,
a market set up by fiat can be closed by fiat. The U.S. Acid Rain Program begun in 1995—the best example yet of how the cap-and-trade idea can work—saw allowance prices drop from more than $1,500 to less than $1 based on changes first proposed by the Bush administration. And acid rain may be less but it has not gone away.
A simple plan
Given the pitfalls, perhaps Pigou's tax is better than Coases's market. Such taxes have fared well from
British Columbia to Sweden, reducing pollution without diminishing economic growth. Although a tax does not set an overall limit for pollution, it can help reduce it, while also being used to offset other taxes or even to be returned to taxpayers in the form of a rebate or dividend, much as every resident of Alaska receives a check for a portion of the state's oil revenue. As such, the idea of a carbon tax has proved more politically popular, as evidenced by multiple posters at the People's Climate March in New York City on September 21 calling for such a tax. There was no poster calling for cap-and-trade.
Norway has had a carbon tax since 1991, roughly $72 per metric ton for the offshore oil and gas industry (rates vary by industry). At the same time, the country banned the practice of burning natural gas that comes up with the oil—all the CO2 for the atmosphere with none of the energy benefits—known as flaring. And, thanks to the tax, Norway hosts the world's largest CO2 storage project at its offshore Sleipner natural gas field, where millions of metric tons of
CO2 have been pumped under the seafloor rather than dumped in the atmosphere. "We are by far the most carbon-efficient producer of oil and gas," says Hege Marie Norheim, senior vice president for corporate sustainability at Norway's state oil producer Statoil.
But a carbon-efficient oil and gas producer is
still an oil and gas producer, which shows that a tax on carbon—even a relatively high one—is not a panacea. Since 1991 Norway has exported more than 16 billion barrels of oil. Each barrel meant 430 kilograms of CO2 entering the atmosphere when used. So Norway's oil production has added nearly eight billion metric tons of CO2 to the atmosphere when used after export to other European countries.
This is the problem of leakage: Norway's carbon tax stops at Norway's borders, unlike its oil exports. Although Norway's carbon debt pales in comparison with that of other major fossil-fuel producers, such as coal from Australia or the U.S.—and has been ameliorated by investments in efforts to prevent forests from being cut down in countries like Brazil—it is not insignificant.
Without a global tax on carbon then, there is little cost to doing fossil-fuel business, whether within countries or between them. And there is no sign of such a global tax regime emerging from either U.N. negotiations, the
World Trade Organization or widespread adoption of individual carbon taxes among various countries. Further, how high would such a price on carbon have to be in order to slow the burning of coal, oil and natural gas?
But getting the prices right for energy does not have to involve adding a tax or creating a market for pollution. The least free market in the world today is the market for energy, rife with hidden subsidies, price controls and government mandates. In the U.S. alone simply
ending tax breaks for coal, gas and oil producers would also change prices, perhaps also including ending subsidies for infrastructure like oil and gas pipelines and below-market price sales of coal to be mined from land owned by the federal government. Such benefits help make the buying and selling of fossil fuels the single most profitable market in the world, which explains the simple appeal of a carbon tax applied at the mine or well mouth to pay for some of the hidden costs of production—human health and global warming, to name two.
The ultimate goal is to control climate change. Making fossil-fuel burning expensive is just a means to that end. The problem can also be approached from the other direction at the same time:
making alternative energy sources cheap by encouraging investment in research and development as well as deployment. In the end, all of the above—some form of a price on carbon plus subsidies for alternatives—is likely needed to combat climate change.
Or as Barclay's Roosevelt adds: "Unless we do this, have the [research and development] investments and a price on carbon, we will not successfully be able to decarbonize our economy and get global emissions down to a level where we've essentially saved the planet."
That seems a trade worth making.

Amputees discern familiar sensations across prosthetic hand

 


Medical researchers are helping restore the sense of touch in amputees.

Even before he lost his right hand to an industrial accident 4 years ago, Igor Spetic had family open his medicine bottles. Cotton balls give him goose bumps.

Now, blindfolded during an experiment, he feels his arm hairs rise when a researcher brushes the back of his prosthetic hand with a cotton ball.

Spetic, of course, can't feel the ball. But patterns of electric signals are sent by a computer into nerves in his arm and to his brain, which tells him different. "I knew immediately it was cotton," he said.

That's one of several types of sensation Spetic, of Madison, Ohio, can feel with the prosthetic system being developed by Case Western Reserve University and the Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Spetic was excited just to "feel" again, and quickly received an unexpected benefit. The phantom pain he'd suffered, which he's described as a vice crushing his closed fist, subsided almost completely. A second patient, who had less phantom pain after losing his right hand and much of his forearm in an accident, said his, too, is nearly gone.

Despite having phantom pain, both men said that the first time they were connected to the system and received the electrical stimulation, was the first time they'd felt their hands since their accidents. In the ensuing months, they began feeling sensations that were familiar and were able to control their prosthetic hands with more -- well -- dexterity.

To watch a video of the research, click here: http://youtu.be/l7jht5vvzR4.

"The sense of touch is one of the ways we interact with objects around us," said Dustin Tyler, an associate professor of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve and director of the research. "Our goal is not just to restore function, but to build a reconnection to the world. This is long-lasting, chronic restoration of sensation over multiple points across the hand."

"The work reactivates areas of the brain that produce the sense of touch, said Tyler, who is also associate director of the Advanced Platform Technology Center at the Cleveland VA. "When the hand is lost, the inputs that switched on these areas were lost."

How the system works and the results will be published online in the journal Science Translational Medicine Oct. 8.

"The sense of touch actually gets better," said Keith Vonderhuevel, of Sidney, Ohio, who lost his hand in 2005 and had the system implanted in January 2013. "They change things on the computer to change the sensation.

"One time," he said, "it felt like water running across the back of my hand."

The system, which is limited to the lab at this point, uses electrical stimulation to give the sense of feeling. But there are key differences from other reported efforts.

First, the nerves that used to relay the sense of touch to the brain are stimulated by contact points on cuffs that encircle major nerve bundles in the arm, not by electrodes inserted through the protective nerve membranes.

Surgeons Michael W Keith, MD and J. Robert Anderson, MD, from Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and Cleveland VA, implanted three electrode cuffs in Spetic's forearm, enabling him to feel 19 distinct points; and two cuffs in Vonderhuevel's upper arm, enabling him to feel 16 distinct locations.

Second, when they began the study, the sensation Spetic felt when a sensor was touched was a tingle. To provide more natural sensations, the research team has developed algorithms that convert the input from sensors taped to a patient's hand into varying patterns and intensities of electrical signals. The sensors themselves aren't sophisticated enough to discern textures, they detect only pressure.

The different signal patterns, passed through the cuffs, are read as different stimuli by the brain. The scientists continue to fine-tune the patterns, and Spetic and Vonderhuevel appear to be becoming more attuned to them.

Third, the system has worked for 2 ½ years in Spetic and 1½ in Vonderhueval. Other research has reported sensation lasting one month and, in some cases, the ability to feel began to fade over weeks.

A blindfolded Vonderhuevel has held grapes or cherries in his prosthetic hand -- the signals enabling him to gauge how tightly he's squeezing -- and pulled out the stems.

"When the sensation's on, it's not too hard," he said. "When it's off, you make a lot of grape juice."

Different signal patterns interpreted as sandpaper, a smooth surface and a ridged surface enabled a blindfolded Spetic to discern each as they were applied to his hand. And when researchers touched two different locations with two different textures at the same time, he could discern the type and location of each.

Tyler believes that everyone creates a map of sensations from their life history that enables them to correlate an input to a given sensation.

"I don't presume the stimuli we're giving is hitting the spots on the map exactly, but they're familiar enough that the brain identifies what it is," he said.

Because of Vonderheuval's and Spetic's continuing progress, Tyler is hopeful the method can lead to a lifetime of use. He's optimistic his team can develop a system a patient could use at home, within five years.

In addition to hand prosthetics, Tyler believes the technology can be used to help those using prosthetic legs receive input from the ground and adjust to gravel or uneven surfaces. Beyond that, the neural interfacing and new stimulation techniques may be useful in controlling tremors, deep brain stimulation and more.

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

 

A aquisição da BASIS pela Intel pode ter sido recente, mas já está mostrando seus frutos na forma de um sucessor do Basis Band. O novo smartwatch dispositivo de monitoramento de saúde com suporte a notificações de mensagem de celular é chamado Basis Peak, e já chama a atenção por vir com um visual bem mais moderno e simples do que seu antecessor.

Trata-se de um relógio inteligente com enorme foco no monitoramento de sua saúde. Segundo a empresa, seus cinco sensores avançados localizados na base do acessório identificam com enorme precisão sua taxa de batimentos, velocidade de movimento, perspiração, temperatura da pele e até a qualidade do seu sono.

Junto disso, o aparelho ainda consegue monitorar automaticamente suas atividades, como o tempo de corrida a pé, de bicicleta e caminhando, assim como também sugere melhorias em seus hábitos. E não espere se preocupar muito com ele, visto que o Peak precisa de cargas apenas a cada quatro dias.

Como dito antes, o dispositivo inclusive pode ser conectado com seu smartphone, não só servindo como um smartwatch para notificar mensagens e ligações, como também permitindo um monitoramento ainda mais preciso com a ajuda de um app para celular. Vale notar, porém, que a ferramenta não vai estar disponível de imediato: a função está garantida como uma atualização futura para todos os donos de um Basis Peak.

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

Basis Peak: o novo relógio inteligente para quem quer monitorar sua saúde

Os interessados em adquirir um Basis Peak terão que esperar um pouco, infelizmente: o relógio só chega às lojas norte-americanas em novembro, custando US$ 199 (aproximadamente R$ 486) e nas cores preto e branco. Já regiões como Canadá e Reino Unido vão receber suas unidades ainda mais tarde no ano; nada foi dito quanto a outras áreas.

T-Mobile G1 Teardown

 

Teardown

Teardown

Teardowns provide a look inside a device and should not be used as disassembly instructions.

Member-Contributed Guide

Member-Contributed Guide

An awesome member of our community made this guide. It is not managed by iFixit staff.

 

Overview of the G1 hardware with circuit diagrams and labeled chips. Also see www.phoneWreck.com for more in-depth analysis.

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Edit Step 1 T-Mobile G1 Teardown  
  • The G1 has a lot of meaning to the “1″ in its name. Not only is it the first phone to sport Google’s Android OS, it’s:

    • the first phone to use T-Mobile’s 3G network.

    • HTC’s first capacitive touchscreen phone.

    • HTC’s first trackball phone.

    • HTC's second attempt at a 5-row keyboard (correct me if I’m wrong).

  • We have aggregated information from various articles to aid in our teardown. These include Bob Widenhofer’s article featured on TechOnline, Nikkei Electronics Teardown Squad featured on TechOn, and of course, our own sources (Thank you!).

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Edit Step 3  
  • The T-Mobile G1 was a mind-blowing experience to crack open. There’s an insane number of parts, and the way they put it together seems, well, complex. Make sure you give the sliding mechanisms a peek near the bottom.

  • Finally, the moment you’ve all been waiting for. The back of the casing, showcases swooping action (we’re seriously too in love).

  • The translational springs on this puppy are strong as !&&*. But it needs to be so, since it has to drive a large screen around an arc. It’s interesting to note how much effort HTC seems to have put in to produce a clean swooping action. Perhaps we’re overthinking this.

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Edit Step 4  
  • For starters though, we introduce to you, the block diagram:

    • The Qualcomm MSM7201A, which was previously used in later US iterations of the Touch Diamond and the Touch Pro, comes full force in the G1.

    • Similar to the BlackBerry Storm, the GPS and audio processing components are embedded into the processor.

    • Fortunately, HTC has had much experience using the processor, although it runs a brand new OS.

    • Running alongside the processor is the transceiver and power management ICs, Qualcomm RTR5285, and Qualcomm PM7540, respectively.

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