terça-feira, 30 de setembro de 2014

Ubatuba

 

Ubatuba is located in the north of São Paulo state in an area called “Litoral Norte”. From the state capital (São Paulo) it’s a 220 km ride, while from Rio de Janeiro you need to count on about 320 km.

Ubatuba Igreja Matriz façade

Façade of the Igreja Matriz in Ubatuba

The ride from Rio de Janeiro to Ubatuba in itself is also very enjoyable, because once you leave the metropolitan area behind you, the last 240 km to Ubatuba on the BR 101 is known as one of the most scenic stretches of highway of Brazil, with magnificent ocean views to your left and the green slopes of the Serra do mar to your right.

Other interesting places along the way are Mangaratiba, Angra dos Reis and of course the famous colonial port town Paraty (about 70km from Ubatuba).

Ubatuba - Itamambuca beach

Sunrise at Itamambuca Beach near Ubatuba

Ubatuba has options for every kind of visitor, whether it’s the extreme outdoors person or a family with kids, but thanks to the many beaches with perfect waves, it is especially famous as the Surf Capital of São Paulo. The beach of Itamambuca probably the most famous beach around Ubatuba, is host to international surf competitions.

 

Where to stay.

Ubatuba is the place where many citizens of São Paulo go to spend the weekend at the beach so there are many hotels and pousadas. I’m sure several of them are very nice, but whenever I go to Ubatuba, I end up booking a room at pousada “Todas as Luas”.

It is simply a gorgeous place to stay, surrounded by the Atlantic rainforest, and the famous beach of Itamambuca only a 10 minute walk away.

Entrance to Pousada

Entrance to Pousada "Todas as Luas. Itamambuca - Ubatuba

Ilha Anchieta

The schooner that took us to Anchieta Island. - Ubatuba - Brazil

The schooner that took us to Anchieta Island. - Ubatuba - Brazil

One of the prime attractions of Ubatuba is a boat trip to Ilha Anchieta, a former prison island turned into a state park and nature reserve in 1977. The ruins of the prison, that once housed the most dangerous criminals of the State of São Paulo and was operational until 1955, can still be visited. Walking around on the former prison grounds, it is rather disturbing to realize that this place was the scene of the most bloody rebellion in Brasil’s history (1952).

Today, the island’s 825 hectares attract about 90.000 visitors each year, mainly during Carnaval and Easter. A typical tourist boat visit includes a lunch stopover at one of the hidden beaches near Ubatuba (Praia sete fontes), so the time you can spend on the island is only about two hours, during which you can visit the ruins, and take a walk to the two beaches nearest to the pier, where you can have a quick dip in the crystalline waters.

The prison blocks were built around a central square

The prison blocks were built around a central square

If you want to have more than two hours to explore the island, it’s best to charter a non-touristic boat to take you straight to the island in the morning and pick you up in the afternoon. The three other hiking trails on the Island, can only be done in the company of a park monitor.

Beaches

Ubatuba has 36 beaches, spread out over a coastline that stretches out over about 75 km. Except the beaches in the city (praia grande, Toninhas, Enseada), almost all the other ones are pieces of paradise with the rain forest coming all the way to the beach and gorgeous views of the ocean and the small islands, littering the Ubatuba bay.

Our choice for the last day of the weekend was Praia do Felix, which is the first beach to the east of Itamambuca beach. It turned out to be a great choice. After leaving the BR 101 it’s a rather steep descent back to sea level. There are guarded places to leave your car and from there it’s only a 5 minute walk to the beach. I’ll let the picture speak for itself.

Praia do Felix - Ubatuba - Brazil

Praia do Felix - Ubatuba - Brazil

 

A beleza e renovação do Beira-Rio pela Hype Studio Arquitetura

 

por Guilherme Sester Araujo

Depois de 40 anos como a casa do Internacional, o ‘Beira-Rio’ foi renovado pela Hype Studio Arquitetura.

Localizada em Porto Alegre, Brasil, o projeto é caracterizado por um sistema de cobertura composto por 65 treliças de aço que cercam a arena, que estão envoltos em uma membrana de PTFE.

Melhorias incluiram a reconstrução do anel inferior, e a adição de uma variedade de programas para seus visitantes, tais como lojas de varejo, museu, restaurantes, áreas VIP e um nível inteiro de suítes corporativas.

 

hype_inter_zupi

hype_inter_zupi (2)

hype_inter_zupi (3)

hype_inter_zupi (4)

hype_inter_zupi (5)

hype_inter_zupi (6)

hype_inter_zupi (7)

hype_inter_zupi (8)

hype_inter_zupi (9)

 

 

WW.ZUPI.COM.BR – BRASIL

10 Incríveis artes 3D

 

Esse post reúne vários artistas e suas incríveis artes 3D expostas em painéis e ruas ao redor do mundo.

Confira esses fantásticos projetos:

10 Incríveis artes 3D

10 Incríveis artes 3D-

10 Incríveis artes 3D-1

10 Incríveis artes 3D-2

10 Incríveis artes 3D-3

10 Incríveis artes 3D-4

10 Incríveis artes 3D-5

10 Incríveis artes 3D-6

10 Incríveis artes 3D-7

10 Incríveis artes 3D-8

Snap 2014-09-30 at 20.12.38

 

2015 Ford Mustang GT

 

Photo Gallery

Sporting 435 horsepower and plenty of creature comforts, the redesigned 2015 Ford Mustang is an improved pony, inside and out. Combine that with miles of open road along the California coast and you’ve got what I call one heck of an afternoon. $36,100 base, $42,790 as tested, EPA fuel economy 15 MPG city, 25 MPG highway.

Behind the Wheel: New Technology and Plenty of Creature Comforts

Recently the good folks at Ford Motor Company invited me down to Malibu, Calif. to test out the new 2015 Ford Mustang. The drive, which featured the new and improved GT Mustang, took me along the beautiful Pacific Coast Highway up to Topanga Canyon, eventually leading us through winding two-lane roads deep in the Santa Monica Mountains.

First things first. The new GT Mustang is an improved machine, inside and out. My Competition Orange GT (see other colors) was loaded with goodies including 19-inch premium painted aluminum wheels, a Shaker Pro Audio System with 12 speakers (including two mounted on the car’s A-Pillars), and a memory driver seat which would recall your seat’s position every time you got in and out of the car. What really left an impression, though, were all the standard features including those sharp looking air extractor hood vents, a rear view camera system, two smart charging USB ports, push-button start, and a Blind Spot Information system which alerted me of cars to my left or right while in traffic.

My test GT, a premium coupe model, featured premier trim and leather seats. After easing myself behind the wheel I immediately noticed the “Mustang Since 1964” dash plate affixed prominently above the newly designed illuminated locking glove box. Talk about a nice touch. Ford, you had me at “since 1964.”

In all, the interior of the new Mustang was comfortable and welcoming, providing adequate leg room for the driver and passenger. A major interior update is the addition of four toggle switches near the bottom of the center console. These switches gave me the option of selecting from various driving modes (Normal, Sport, Track, Snow-Wet) as well as different steering options, all while on the go. There was also a switch designed to enable or disable traction control, as well as a switch to activate the car’s hazard lights.

As for the backseat, it’s still pretty tight back there unless you’re somewhat vertically challenged. That said, the rear seats feel wider and more comfortable than in the past; a definite plus for longer trips.

On the Road: A Ride Quality that’s Right For You

The new GT Mustang features an upgraded 5.0L Ti-VCT V8 engine beneath its hood. The improvements, over the outgoing model, result in 435 horsepower and 400 lb.–ft. of torque at 4,250 rpm. This was most noticeable while out on the open road.

I began my journey traveling along Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu. The first thing I noticed, as I pulled out of the parking lot into traffic, was the Mustang’s upgraded clutch play. When compared to my 2008 Bullitt Mustang, the 2015 GT’s clutch is much more forgiving and manageable. Bottom line, you’re leg doesn't feel like it gets as much of a work out on the new Mustang; definitely a good thing for those commuting days when you’re stuck in traffic.

As I pulled out onto the highway I immediately felt those 435 horses kicking in. No doubt the car attracted much attention with people taking photos and such at almost every stop light along the way. I felt like I had just pulled the Batmobile out of the Batcave.

While the exhaust note was noticeable, it wasn't overwhelming. This is likely due to Ford’s implementation of active noise cancellation within the cabin. That said, I’m happy to report all those rattles of yesteryear seem to have been left behind as well. No doubt, the 2015 Ford Mustang is much quieter inside than any Mustang I've ever driven.

Another thing that caught my attention was just how stable the new Mustang GT felt. The car really feels solid out there on the road. No doubt, the implementation of a fully independent front and rear suspension makes a noticeable difference. In addition, the different driving modes help to achieve a ride quality that can be customized to your existing driving conditions, all on the fly. For instance, after turning onto Topanga Canyon, I used the toggle switches to activate Sport Mode. The car really seemed to hunker down, its steering response noticeably tightening as I entered my first turn on the two-land road. Braking was also noticeably better in the 2015 Mustang (when compared to the outgoing model), likely due to the car’s upgraded large brake rotors with 4-piston calipers.

Journey’s End: Job Well Done

In all, I spent the entire afternoon behind the wheel of Ford’s newest Mustang. In the end, I walked away impressed. While the car’s upgraded V8 engine is nice, what really won me over was the upgraded technology and ride quality of the newest generation pony car. The car holds to the road better than ever, cabin noise has been significantly reduced, and it has enough gadgetry to keep even the most dedicated tech guru busy for some time to come. In fact, the new 2015 Ford Mustang has more standard features than ever before. Best of all, the car looks sharp out on the open road. Numerous people stopped me along the way to say how nice the car looks.

As far as first drive goes, “Great job Ford!” I’m looking forward to spending more time in the 2015 Mustang in the coming months.

What I Liked About the 2015 Ford Mustang GT Premium Coupe

  • The car is loaded with standard features that were once optional
  • The ride quality is solid and much improved
  • The cabin is quiet and comfortable
  • The car features a wide variety of technical gadgetry designed to personalize the driving experience 

What I didn’t like:

  • At $42,790, my test car seemed a bit pricey
  • Rear seat space is still minimal, although the seats themselves feel more comfortable than in the past

Who should buy the 2015 Ford Mustang GT Premium Coupe:

  • Buyers seeking an American muscle car with the latest technology
  • Buyers looking for a performance car with great looks to match

Who should not buy the 2015 Ford Mustang GT Premium Coupe:

  • Buyers requiring plenty of space for passengers
  • Buyers on a tight budget (Might be better off purchasing a 2015 V6 model ($24,600), the new EcoBoost Mustang ($25,170), or a used Mustang)

Best Rivals:

 

2015 Ford Mustang - Photo © Jonathan P. Lamas

 

2015 Mustang Back Up Camera - Photo © Jonathan P. Lamas

2015 Mustang Back Up Camera.  Photo © Jonathan P. Lamas

2015 Mustang GT Interior - Photo © Jonathan P. Lamas

2015 Mustang GT Interior.  Photo © Jonathan P. Lamas

In all, the interior of the new Mustang was comfortable and welcoming, providing adequate leg room for the driver and passenger.

Snap 2014-09-30 at 18.40.05

“Glass Brain” Offers Tours of the Space between Your Ears

 

3-D visualizations combine EEG and MRI data to illustrate how brain signals propagate and could be used to study neural disorders

Sep 29, 2014 By Larry Greenemeier

MINDFUL: Former Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart wore a 64-electrode EEG skullcap and an Oculus Rift virtual reality headset to demonstrate Neurodrummer and the Glass Brain at NVIDIA’s GPU Technology Conference in March. This enabled the audience to see a visual representation of his brain signals as he played. Hart was joined on stage by Tim Mullen, a chief scientist on the Glass Brain project. Courtesy of the Neuroscape Lab, University of California, San Francisco

Former Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart takes pride in his brain. Large, anatomically realistic 3-D animations representing the inner workings of his gray and white matter have graced video screens at several science and technology conferences. These “Glass Brain” visualizations use imaging and advanced computing systems to depict in colorful detail the fiber pathways that make Hart’s brain tick. The researchers behind the project hope it will also form the basis of a new type of tool for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Each Glass Brain animation overlays electroencephalography
(EEG) data collected in real time atop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan—in this case Hart’s—to illustrate how different brain areas communicate with each other. Special algorithms coded into software digitally reconstruct this activity within the brain. The result is a tour of the brain that captures both the timing and location of brain signals.
Hart demonstrated the Glass Brain at a computer conference in San Jose, Calif., this past March by playing a video game called
NeuroDrummer on stage. The drummer is working with the Studio Bee digital animation house in San Francisco as well as the Glass Brain’s creators to develop NeuroDrummer into a tool that can determine whether teaching someone to keep a drumbeat might help improve the neural signals responsible for cognition, memory and other functions. The Glass Brain’s brain trust includes the University of California, San Francisco’s Neuroscape Lab as well as the University of California, San Diego’s Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, EEG maker Cognionics, Inc. and NVIDIA, a maker of extremely fast graphics processing unit (GPU) computer chips and host of the conference where Hart performed.
Hart donned a black EEG skullcap and took the stage during the closing keynote to demonstrate a prototype of NeuroDrummer. The game came across as a therapeutic, cognition-boosting version of the once-popular Guitar Hero game, creating a very different kind of jam session for Hart. He wore an
Oculus Rift virtual reality headset while tapping an electronic drum pad as he appeared to travel through a trippy digital realm resembling outer space. His attempts to keep the beat were frequently interrupted by the need to multitask—in this case, zapping virtual asteroids with a pointed finger.The conference audience watched the action on two wall-sized video screens at the rear of the stage. The first showed what Hart was seeing in his headset while the other displayed the Glass Brain in action. The MRI scan of Hart’s brain—taken in advance of the demo—rippled with streams of color representing different frequencies of neural activity collected by the EEG headset during gameplay.
Researchers have been
fitting EEG electrodes to people’s heads for 90 years to measure the electrical signals that pulse through the brain at different frequencies as brain cells communicate with one another. A fundamental feature of how our brains work, such communication is related to higher-order abilities like attention, memory and perception, says Adam Gazzaley, founding director of the Neuroscience Imaging Center at U.C.S.F. and head of both the Glass Brain and NeuroDrummer projects.
The ability to integrate EEG and MRI data in this way is relatively new, made possible in recent years by the development of more sophisticated algorithms for decoding neural activity and the
use of GPUs—originally designed to render complex video game graphics—to quickly process streaming data. EEG scanners can detect the timing of brain signals in milliseconds, although they do not provide much information about where those signals originate. That plays to MRI’s strengths: these scanners are much slower to pick up neural pulses but can pinpoint the location of neural activity by registering the relatively slow changes in brain blood flow.
Hart’s interest in neuroscience is oddly fitting. As a young musician, he played a literally instrumental role ushering in the 1960s counterculture movement that challenged conventional thinking in many areas and introduced
psychedelia to the mainstream. Now Hart is involved in a new movement to expand the mind, or at least our understanding of it—this time decoding the brain’s mysteries with the help of sensors, scanners and software.
This is a personal quest for Hart, whose grandmother suffered from Alzheimer’s disease. The significance of brain rhythms first became clear to Hart about 40 years ago when he drummed for his grandmother, he said following his NeuroDrummer demo. “She hadn’t spoken in years,” he said. “I played the drum, she spoke my name. That’s power. That’s medicine. When I saw that, I knew that vibrations, in this case music, reconnected those broken pathways and brought her speech, brought her cognition back, at least for the time I was drumming.”
In the lab, Gazzaley and his team are working to ensure these visualizations depict distinct brain events that are interpretable in real time. “We will determine how to best pull out these subtle signals and how consistent they are from trial to trial and across individuals,” he says.
Gazzaley has demonstrated the Glass Brain several times since the NVIDIA conference and is currently working with his team to evaluate the project’s performance thus far. Perhaps the Glass Brain’s greatest success, he says, is the way it educates audiences about the study of how the brain works.

Broadcast live streaming video on Ustream

População animal caiu pela metade no mundo em 40 anos, diz relatório

 

BBC

População de tigres caiu de 100 mil para 3 mil em um século

Um relatório da Sociedade de Zoologia de Londres, da rede voltada para o meio ambiente Global Footprint Network e da ONG de proteção ambiental WWF sugere que populações de animais caíram pela metade em 40 anos.

Segundo o documento, chamado Living Planet Report, os números são piores do que se pensava antes devido a uma nova metodologia usada em comparação com um relatório divulgado há dois anos.

O documento afirma que as populações de mamíferos, aves, répteis, anfíbios e peixes sofreram uma queda, em média, de 52%.

Mas, a situação é pior entre as espécies de água doce, que sofreram uma diminuição de 76%.

O índice analisou as populações de mais de 10 mil espécies de vertebrados entre 1970 e 2010 e revelou um declínio contínuo nestas populações.

De acordo o relatório, a maior ameaça à biodiversidade vem dos impactos causados pela perda de habitat e a degradação, o que é causado pelo que a WWF chama de consumo humano insustentável.

As populações humanas estão cortando árvores mais rapidamente do que elas conseguem crescer novamente, pescando em uma velocidade maior do que os oceanos conseguem repor, bombeando água de rios e aquíferos mais rapidamente do que as chuvas conseguem repor e emitindo mais carbono do que os oceanos e florestas conseguem absorver.

Além do impacto da devastação nas espécies de vertebrados, o documento analisa outros aspectos, como, por exemplo, a pegada ecológica, que mede a área (em hectares) necessária para fornecer os bens e serviços ecológicos usados pelas populações humanas.

A pegada ecológica de cinco países é responsável pela metade do total global, e o Brasil está em quarto lugar neste ranking, liderado por China, Estados Unidos, Índia, Brasil e Rússia.

Por outro lado, o relatório aponta uma iniciativa brasileira, para afastar os agricultores do Acre de práticas que envolvam a derrubada de árvores e queimadas na floresta, como um dos bons exemplos de conservação.

As mais ameaçadas

O documento cataloga áreas onde o impacto nas populações de vertebrados é maior. Em Gana, por exemplo, a população de leões em uma reserva caiu 90% em 40 anos.

Na África Ocidental, a derrubada de florestas restringiu a população de elefantes entre 6 e 7%.

No mundo todo, a perda de habitat e a caça reduziram a população de tigres dos 100 mil registrados há um século para apenas 3 mil indivíduos.

Anteriormente, o índice mostrado no relatório era calculado usando a média do declínio em todas as populações de animais analisadas pelas entidades. Mas a nova metodologia analisa os dados que, segundo a Sociedade de Zoologia de Londres, fornecem um cálculo muito mais preciso do status coletivo das populações em todas as espécies e regiões.

"Por exemplo, se a maioria das medições em uma região em particular é das populações de aves, mas a realidade mostra que, naquela região a maior população é de peixes, então é necessário dar um peso maior às medições de populações de peixes se quisermos ter um quadro mais preciso da taxa de queda de populações para aquela região", disse um porta-voz da Sociedade de Zoologia de Londres.

"Aplicando o novo método ao conjunto de dados de 2008 descobrimos que as coisas estavam consideravelmente piores do que pensávamos naquela época. Está claro que estamos vendo uma tendência de queda de longo prazo nas populações de animais", acrescentou o porta-voz.

Childhood asthma linked to lack of ventilation for gas stoves

 


Gas stove.

Parents with children at home should use ventilation when cooking with a gas stove, researchers from Oregon State University are recommending, after a new study showed an association between gas kitchen stove ventilation and asthma, asthma symptoms and chronic bronchitis.

"In homes where a gas stove was used without venting, the prevalence of asthma and wheezing is higher than in homes where a gas stove was used with ventilation," said Ellen Smit, an associate professor in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at OSU and one of the study's authors. "Parents of all children should use ventilation while using a gas stove."

Researchers can't say that gas stove use without ventilation causes respiratory issues, but the new study clearly shows an association between having asthma and use of ventilation, Smit said. More study is needed to understand that relationship, including whether emissions from gas stoves could cause or exacerbate asthma in children, the researchers said.

Asthma is a common chronic childhood disease and an estimated 48 percent of American homes have a gas stove that is used. Gas stoves are known to affect indoor air pollution levels and researchers wanted to better understand the links between air pollution from gas stoves, parents' behavior when operating gas stoves and respiratory issues, said Eric Coker, a doctoral student in public health and a co-author of the study.

The study showed that children who lived in homes where ventilation such as an exhaust fan was used when cooking with gas stoves were 32 percent less likely to have asthma than children who lived in homes where ventilation was not used. Children in homes where ventilation was used while cooking with a gas stove were 38 percent less likely to have bronchitis and 39 percent less likely to have wheezing. The study also showed that lung function, an important biological marker of asthma, was significantly better among girls from homes that used ventilation when operating their gas stove.

Many people in the study also reported using their gas stoves for heating, researchers found. That was also related to poorer respiratory health in children, particularly when ventilation was not used. In homes where the gas kitchen stove was used for heating, children were 44 percent less likely to have asthma and 43 percent less likely to have bronchitis if ventilation was used. The results did not change even when asthma risk factors such as pets or cigarette smoking inside the home were taken into account, Coker said.

"Asthma is one of the most common diseases in children living in the United States," said Molly Kile, the study's lead author. Kile is an environmental epidemiologist and assistant professor at OSU. "Reducing exposure to environmental factors that can exacerbate asthma can help improve the quality of life for people with this condition."

The findings were published recently in the journal "Environmental Health." Co-authors included John Molitor and Anna Harding of the College of Public Health and Human Sciences and Daniel Sudakin of the College of Agricultural Sciences. The research was supported by OSU.

Researchers used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, or NHANES, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1988-1994. Data collected for NHANES is a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population.

The third edition of the survey is the only one in which questions about use of gas stoves were asked, Coker said. Participants were interviewed in their homes and also underwent physical exams and lab tests.

Researchers examined data from about 7,300 children ages 2-16 who has asthma, wheezing or bronchitis and whose parents reported using a gas stove in the home. Of those who reported using no ventilation, 90 percent indicated they did not have an exhaust system or other ventilation in their homes, Coker said.

Even though the study relies on older data, the findings remain relevant because many people still use gas stoves for cooking, and in some cases, for heat in the winter, the researchers said.

"Lots of older homes lack exhaust or other ventilation," Coker said. "We know this is still a problem. We don't know if it is as prevalent as it was when the data was collected."

Researchers suggest that future health surveys include questions about gas stove and ventilation use. That would allow them to see if there have been any changes in ventilation use since the original data was collected.

"More research is definitely needed," Coker said. "But we know using an effective ventilation system will reduce air pollution levels in a home, so we can definitely recommend that."

'Deadly diarrhea' rates nearly doubled in 10 years: Study

 


Infections with the intestinal superbug C. difficile nearly doubled from 2001 to 2010 in U.S. hospitals without noticeable improvement in patient mortality rates or hospital lengths of stay, according to a study of 2.2 million C. difficile infection (CDI) cases published in the October issue of the American Journal of Infection Control, the official publication of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC).

In this retrospective study from The University of Texas College of Pharmacy, researchers analyzed 10 years of data from the U.S. National Hospital Discharge Surveys (NHDS). From 2001 to 2010, rates of CDI among hospitalized adults rose from 4.5 to 8.2 CDI discharges per 1,000 total adult hospital discharges.

"Several factors may have contributed to the rise in CDI incidence in recent years," said Kelly Reveles, PharmD, PhD, lead author on the study. "Antibiotic exposure remains the most important risk factor for CDI."

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), C. difficile is the most common bacteria responsible for causing healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and is linked to 14,000 deaths each year. Reducing the use of high-risk, broad-spectrum antibiotics by 30 percent could lower CDI by 26 percent, estimates the CDC. The White House recently announced a new Executive Order and National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria, which emphasized the need for antibiotic stewardship programs to help clinicians improve prescribing practices.

"It's been estimated that up to half of antibiotic use in humans is unnecessary," said APIC 2014 President Jennie Mayfield, BSN, MPH, CIC. "To make headway against CDI, hospitals and health facilities need to get serious about antibiotic stewardship."

According to The University of Texas College of Pharmacy study, most CDI patients were female (59 percent), white (86 percent), and more than 65 years of age (70 percent).

Of the 2.2 million adult CDI discharges, 33 percent had a principal diagnosis of CDI; 67 percent were classified as secondary CDI, meaning that CDI was not the primary reason they were hospitalized. Approximately 7.1 percent, or 154,184 patients, died during the study period.

"Our study found that peak CDI incidence occurred in 2008, with a slight decline through 2010," said Dr. Reveles. "The leveling off of CDI incidence toward the end of our study period may be the result of increased antibiotic stewardship programs and improved infection control measures, such as use of contact precautions, cleaning and disinfection of equipment, and environment, and hand hygiene."

According to a 2013 survey conducted by APIC, 60 percent of US hospitals had implemented antibiotic stewardship programs by 2013, up from 52 percent in 2010.

"With bugs like C. diff, it takes everyone asking -- 'are these antibiotics really necessary?' to help curb inappropriate use and protect patients," said Mayfield.

Antibiotic resistance and stewardship is the theme of International Infection Prevention Week led by APIC, October 19-25, 2014. A free webinar and Twitter chat are being offered, along with an infographic poster for consumers on the "ABC's of antibiotics."


Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Elsevier Health Sciences. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Kelly R. Reveles, Grace C. Lee, Natalie K. Boyd, Christopher R. Frei. The rise in Clostridium difficile infection incidence among hospitalized adults in the United States: 2001-2010. American Journal of Infection Control, 2014; 42 (10): 1028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.011

 

Brief depression questionnaires could lead to unnecessary antidepressant prescriptions

 

September 29, 2014

University of California - Davis Health System

Short questionnaires used to identify patients at risk for depression are linked with antidepressant medications being prescribed when they may not be needed, according to new research. Known as "brief depression symptom measures," the self-administered questionnaires are used in primary care settings to determine the frequency and severity of depression symptoms among patients.


Short questionnaires used to identify patients at risk for depression are linked with antidepressant medications being prescribed when they may not be needed, according to new research from UC Davis Health System published in the September-October issue of the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

Known as "brief depression symptom measures," the self-administered questionnaires are used in primary care settings to determine the frequency and severity of depression symptoms among patients. Several questionnaires have been developed to help reduce untreated depression, a serious mental illness that can jeopardize relationships, employment and quality of life and increase the risks of heart disease, drug abuse and suicide.

The UC Davis team was concerned that the questionnaires might lead to prescriptions for antidepressant medication being given to those who aren't depressed. Antidepressants are effective in treating moderate-to-severe depression but can have significant side effects, including sexual dysfunction, sedation and anxiety. They also have to be taken over several months to be effective.

"It is important to treat depression, but equally important to make sure those who get treatment actually need it," said Anthony Jerant, professor of family and community medicine at UC Davis and lead author of the study.

The exploratory study included 595 patients of primary care offices affiliated with Kaiser Permanente in Sacramento, San Francisco VA Medical Center, Sutter Medical Group in Sacramento, UC Davis, UC San Francisco and VA Northern California Healthcare System.

Patients selected for the study were considered at low risk for depression and therefore poor candidates for antidepressants, based on results of a widely-employed brief screening tool known as the Patient Health Questionnaire -- 9 (PHQ-9), which was administered by the research team. The screener, which includes questions about changes in sleep, concentration, energy and appetite, was completed the same day the patients had appointments to see their primary care physicians, who were unaware their patients had completed the PHQ-9.

Based on a review of medical records, the patients were divided into two groups: those who were asked during their doctors' office visits to complete brief depression symptom questionnaires, besides the one administered by the researchers, and those who were not. The groups were compared in terms of rates of depression diagnoses and prescriptions for antidepressants received from their physicians.

Of the 545 patients who did not complete brief depression questionnaires during their doctors' office visits, 10.5 percent were diagnosed with depression and 3.8 percent were prescribed antidepressants.

Of the 50 patients who completed brief depression questionnaires during their doctors' office visits, 20 percent were diagnosed with depression and 12 percent were prescribed antidepressants.

Jerant said the study highlights the need for research to determine the best ways to apply brief depression questionnaires in daily practice, as use of the screeners tripled the likelihood that patients in the study who were not apt to be depressed would receive depression treatment.

Part of the problem could be in how questionnaire results are interpreted, Jerant said. Depression symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue and poor concentration are associated with many health conditions.

"The questionnaires aren't diagnostic in the sense that there's a certain score that means the patient definitely does or does not have depression," Jerant said. "Formal interviews are required to help doctors decide whether a patient's fatigue, for instance, is caused by depression. That fatigue could also be due to chronic lung or heart disease. It could also be due to an adjustment disorder that is usually transient and isn't likely to respond to antidepressants. We need to give providers good guidance on how to use brief symptom measures in evaluating patients and making treatment decisions."


Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of California - Davis Health System. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. A. Jerant, R. L. Kravitz, E. Fernandez y Garcia, M. D. Feldman, C. Cipri, D. Nishio, A. Knoepfler, M. K. Wooddell, V. Baquero, P. Franks. Potential Antidepressant Overtreatment Associated with Office Use of Brief Depression Symptom Measures. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 2014; 27 (5): 611 DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2014.05.140038

 

Um futuro para a Mata Atlântica

 

A floresta foi reduzida a 7% da área de suas primeiras descrições, no século 16, e, ainda assim, abriga 8000 espécies de plantas e animais endêmicos. Conheça brasileiros que lutam para proteger esse patrimônio

 

Foto: Luiz Claudio Marigo

NG - Araçari-poca (Selenidera maculirostris) fêmea, espécie endêmica, na mata atlântica sul-baiana de altitude da RPPN Serra Bonita

 

Araçari-poca (Selenidera maculirostris) fêmea, espécie endêmica, na Mata Atlântica sul-baiana de altitude da RPPN Serra Bonita. É parente dos tucanos e, por sua beleza, um símbolo das florestas neotropicais

Quando os portugueses chegaram à costa brasileira, a Mata Atlântica cobria cerca de 1,5 milhões de quilômetros quadrados do território brasileiro – que, em 500 anos, foram reduzidos a 7% dessa área. Nesse bioma, vivem atualmente 8 000 espécies de plantas e animais endêmicos. Mais de 530 dessas espécies estão ameaçadas de extinção. Quando fiz a conexão entre esses dados, senti duas emoções quase contraditórias – espanto e tristeza –, e percebi que a paisagem onde eu e a maioria da população brasileira nascemos e crescemos, está em estado terminal. Todo um universo de vida e exuberância está agora ameaçado de extinção.

Inúmeras vezes voei do Rio de Janeiro, onde vivo, para Salvador e também para São Paulo e Florianópolis, observando a paisagem litorânea da janela do avião. É uma perspectiva limitada, restrita a alguns quilômetros da rota de voo, mas sempre vi apenas abandono e desolação: em qualquer direção, terras improdutivas, campos cobertos de sapê, as cidades e espaços vazios – sobretudo vazios de floresta. No Google Earth, em imagens de satélite, quando a América do Sul cresce na tela, vê-se logo o verde intenso da Amazônia, mas o litoral brasileiro surge acinzentado. A diferença é flagrante. As maiores extensões de Mata Atlântica revelam-se apenas em fragmentos no norte do Paraná e sul de São Paulo, na região das Agulhas Negras e Serra dos Órgãos, no Rio de Janeiro, no centro de dois parques nacionais.

Outros bolsões menores conservados surgem ao norte de Linhares, no Espírito Santo, na Reserva Biológica de Sooretama e na Reserva Natural Vale, que formam um bloco importante. No sul da Bahia, o verde é dos parques nacionais perto de Porto Seguro e da Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Estação Veracel.

Cada pequeno fragmento de mata atlântica é importante – uma matriz para a reconstituição da floresta. Em algum momento, nós brasileiros vamos perceber o que estamos perdendo e precisaremos nos dedicar a refazer a mata. Alguns já estão trabalhando – cidadãos e empresas. A Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçu (Regua), no Rio de Janeiro, estimula a educação ambiental nas comunidades vizinhas e realiza pesquisas em suas matas, aumentando o conhecimento sobre a fauna da Serra do Mar, beneficiando também as reservas governamentais próximas. Está adquirindo novas áreas e reflorestando-as para conectar suas florestas ao Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, aumentando a possibilidade de manter saudáveis as nascentes da bacia do rio Guapiaçu e os processos evolutivos e ecológicos que dependem de grandes áreas contínuas. A Regua localiza-se no município de Cachoeiras de Macacu. O nome diz tudo – é a fonte de água que abastece as cidades vizinhas e, em um futuro próximo, também a cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

Nicholas Locke, da Regua, esclarece o papel das reservas criadas por ONGs ou empresas privadas e as reservas governamentais, e a importância relativa das duas áreas: “O governo tem as ferramentas para decretar áreas importantes para a preservação do meio ambiente e este papel é de suma importância. Mas, como a ONG é uma associação, ela pode acessar linhas de crédito para projetos que não são acessíveis ao governo. Já o setor privado pode ser acionado para providenciar recursos para projetos de conservação”.

A Reserva Natural Vale, no Espírito Santo, é contígua à Rebio Sooretama; as duas reservas, juntas, cobrem uma área de 47 000 hectares de floresta de baixada, ou mata de tabuleiro, a formação florestal mais ameaçada da Mata Atlântica. A importância da reserva é reconhecida mundialmente, pela UNESCO, de quem recebeu o título de Posto Avançado da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. Segundo Luiz Felipe Campos, gerente de biodiversidade e florestas da Vale, essa área “aumentada”, ou melhor, duplicada, “é o último reduto no Espírito Santo da onça-pintada e da harpia, predadores de topo de cadeia alimentar”. Na Reserva Vale, as pesquisas revelaram espécies novas de plantas para a ciência e algumas de grande porte e ameaçadas de extinção, como o pequi-isaías. Atualmente, cerca de 150 pesquisas estão acontecendo ali. A reserva coleta sementes e produz mudas das espécies nativas, criando um banco genético importante e exportando floresta para outras regiões do país e do Espírito Santo. E ainda, como a Regua faz com o Parque dos Três Picos, ajuda na vigilância e proteção da vizinha Rebio Sooretama.

Em Porto Seguro, a RPPN Estação Veracel, outra reserva de propriedade de uma indústria, desenvolve formas de manejo para proteção contra o fogo e caçadores, exportando esse conhecimento para reservas vizinhas. Também protege uma importante área de mata de tabuleiro, um dos últimos redutos do balança-rabo-canela, e um destino certo de observadores de aves que desejam observar este raro beija-flor florestal.

NG - balança-rabo-canela (Glaucis dohrnii), na RPPN Estação Veracel, município de Porto Seguro, sul da Bahia

O balança-rabo-canela (Glaucis dohrnii), na RPPN Estação Veracel, município de Porto Seguro, sul da Bahia. É o mais raro beija-flor da Mata Atlântica, de hábitos florestais e muito arisco - Foto: Luiz Claudio Marigo

O Glaucis dohrnii, o balança-rabo-canela, não é um beija-flor que pode ser atraído para garrafinhas. Quando me propus a fotografá-lo, não imaginava as dificuldades, nem que levaria vários dias para conseguir boas imagens de uma avezinha de apenas 12 centímetros e pesando menos de 7 gramas. Na floresta densa e alta da RPPN Veracel, esse beija-flor respondia ao play-back de seu canto apenas voando sobre mim, minha mulher e Jaílson, da Veracel, para logo sumir na mata. Tentávamos localizá-lo na vegetação densa, e quando o conseguíamos, ele já desaparecia de novo na floresta, até que recomeçava a chover e tirávamos o time de campo.

Quando, a caminho da RPPN Serra Bonita, ao norte do rio Jequitinhonha, a cerca de 700 metros de altitude, no município de Camacan, eu e o biólogo-pesquisador Vitor Becker passávamos por uma casinha na estrada escorregadia, que exigia todo o cuidado na direção da velha Toyota, Vitor deu a dica: “É aqui que fica o acrobata. Olha lá os ninhos dele – aqueles tufos de gravetos sobre os galhos”. O acrobata (Acrobatornis fonsecai) só foi descrito para a ciência em 1994, o que revela a falta de conhecimento que ainda há sobre a Mata Atlântica. Na Serra Bonita, vive também o raro e ameaçado macaco-prego-de-peito-amarelo.

A RPPN Serra Bonita é estratégica. Além desta reserva, apenas o Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras protege matas atlânticas sul-baianas de altitude! Depois de se aposentar, Becker investiu na compra de terras na Serra Bonita e estabelecer a reserva. Criou o Instituto Uiraçu, ONG cuja finalidade principal é manter e fazer crescer a reserva, adquirindo terras e realizando pesquisas para aumentar o conhecimento do ecossistema. O biólogo construiu uma impressionante estrutura de pesquisa e alojamentos para pesquisadores e observadores de aves que vêm ver o acrobata e outras iguarias ornitológicas.

A pequena RPPN Salto Morato, de 2 253 hectares, no litoral do Paraná, é coberta por mata atlântica de baixada, muito úmida, riquíssima em plantas epífitas e de grande beleza cênica. O Salto Morato é uma cachoeira impactante, descendo em queda de 100 metros da Serra do Mar. No rio do Engenho, uma figueira centenária encanta os visitantes, formando um arco completo sobre os seis metros de largura do rio. Mantida pela Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza, a RPPN Salto Morato tem um elaborado trabalho de manejo e interpretação de trilhas para educação ambiental, um belo centro de visitantes e exporta essa tecnologia para outras reservas. Já serviu de campo para mais de 90 estudos e pesquisas sobre biodiversidade, que resultaram na descrição de três novas espécies (dois peixes e um anfíbio). Saber é poder.

Alguns brasileiros estão trabalhando pelas nossas florestas. Há esperança para a Mata Atlântica. Lembrei-me da velha história do beija-flor, que leva água no bico para apagar o incêndio da mata.

NG - O macaco-prego-robusto (Sapajus robustus) está ameaçado de extinção e é endêmico da Mata Atlântica

O macaco-prego-robusto (Sapajus robustus) ameaçado de extinção e endêmico da Mata Atlântica de tabuleiro entre os rios Doce e Jequitinhonha, na Reserva Natural Vale, norte do Espírito Santo

 

NG - A borboleta-folha (Historis odius), alimenta-se do sumo de frutas fermentadas e tem voo rápido e vigoroso

A borboleta-folha (Historis odius), alimenta-se do sumo de frutas fermentadas e tem voo rápido e vigoroso. Suas lagartas alimentam-se das folhas da embaúba. É comum na Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçu

 

NG - O gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii), na RPPN Salto Morato

O gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii), na RPPN Salto Morato, caça pequenos mamíferos e até aves nos galhos das árvores, onde se movimenta com facilidade

 

NG - O pica-pau-anão-de-pintas-amarelas (Picumnus exilis) na RPPN Estação Veracel, em Porto Seguro

O pica-pau-anão-de-pintas-amarelas (Picumnus exilis) na RPPN Estação Veracel, em Porto Seguro. É uma miniatura de pica-pau: mede apenas 10 cm! Alimenta-se principalmente de larvas de insetos, que caça na madeira das árvores

NG - O quati (Nasua nasua) tem hábitos arborícolas, mas também caça, no chão, pequenos mamíferos, répteis e anfíbios

 

O quati (Nasua nasua) tem hábitos arborícolas, mas também caça, no chão, pequenos mamíferos, répteis e anfíbios. É o parente mais próximo dos ursos na fauna brasileira

 

Snap 2014-09-30 at 16.59.41

An apple a day could keep obesity away

 

September 29, 2014

Washington State University

Nondigestible compounds in apples -- specifically, Granny Smith apples -- may help prevent disorders associated with obesity, scientists have concluded. "We know that, in general, apples are a good source of these nondigestible compounds but there are differences in varieties," said the study's lead researcher. "Results from this study will help consumers to discriminate between apple varieties that can aid in the fight against obesity."


Scientists at Washington State University have concluded that nondigestible compounds in apples -- specifically, Granny Smith apples -- may help prevent disorders associated with obesity. The study, thought to be the first to assess these compounds in apple cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest, appears in October's print edition of the journal Food Chemistry.

"We know that, in general, apples are a good source of these nondigestible compounds but there are differences in varieties," said food scientist Giuliana Noratto, the study's lead researcher. "Results from this study will help consumers to discriminate between apple varieties that can aid in the fight against obesity."

The tart green Granny Smith apples benefit the growth of friendly bacteria in the colon due to their high content of non-digestible compounds, including dietary fiber and polyphenols, and low content of available carbohydrates. Despite being subjected to chewing, stomach acid and digestive enzymes, these compounds remain intact when they reach the colon. Once there, they are fermented by bacteria in the colon, which benefits the growth of friendly bacteria in the gut.

The study showed that Granny Smith apples surpass Braeburn, Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious, McIntosh and Red Delicious in the amount of nondigestible compounds they contain.

"The nondigestible compounds in the Granny Smith apples actually changed the proportions of fecal bacteria from obese mice to be similar to that of lean mice," Noratto said.

The discovery could help prevent some of the disorders associated with obesity such as low-grade, chronic inflammation that can lead to diabetes. The balance of bacterial communities in the colon of obese people is disturbed. This results in microbial byproducts that lead to inflammation and influence metabolic disorders associated with obesity, Noratto said.

"What determines the balance of bacteria in our colon is the food we consume," she said.

Re-establishing a healthy balance of bacteria in the colon stabilizes metabolic processes that influence inflammation and the sensation of feeling satisfied, or satiety, she said.


Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Washington State University. The original article was written by Sylvia Kantor. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Luis Condezo-Hoyos, Indira P. Mohanty, Giuliana D. Noratto. Assessing non-digestible compounds in apple cultivars and their potential as modulators of obese faecal microbiota in vitro. Food Chemistry, 2014; 161: 208 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.122

 

The Black Knight Unmanned Ground Vehicle Could Revolutionize Future Combat

 

 -

The Black Knight is an experimental unmanned ground vehicle that may one day replace the tank on battlefields.

Remote Controlled Armored Vehicle

The Black Knight is a remote controlled armored vehicle being developed by British defence company BAE Systems PLC. The unmanned ground combat vehicle is currently in the prototype phase. However, people in the global defense industry have high hopes for the Black Knight and see it as the future of ground warfare. Unmanned ground vehicles are operated remotely from a distance, and soldiers do not travel in them – keeping military personnel out of harm’s way.

While unmanned vehicles are mostly associated with aircraft and aerial drones, a growing number of unmanned ground vehicles are also being developed for use by militaries around the world. The Black Knight is one of the most sophisticated of the unmanned ground combat vehicles, and its development is at an advanced phase. In 2010, the U.S. Army was putting the vehicle through a series of evaluations.

Turret and Machine Gun

At five meters long and 2.5 meters wide, the Black Knight is very similar to a tank. It is operated by a 300 horsepower Caterpillar engine and can travel at the same speed as main battle tanks. Many of the automotive parts in the Black Knight are the same as in a Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The commonality of parts helps keep maintenance costs low. The Black Knight can be airlifted to combat zones worldwide by C-130 transport aircraft.

The Black Knight is armed with a 30 millimeter cannon that is mounted on a turret at the top of the vehicle. It also uses a 7.62 millimeter machine gun. The Black Knight is primarily controlled from a command center. However, the vehicle can also be operated by a Dismounted Control Device (DCD), which is essentially a large remote control.

The Black Knight’s advanced computer system allows it to perform several functions by itself – including moving the turret, navigation, and planning a travel route while avoiding obstacles such as rocks and water.

Snap 2014-09-30 at 12.38.16