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Telescope Apps Help Amateurs Hunt for Exoplanets

 

The "Automated Planet Finder" could make astronomers of us all

Automated Planet Finder (APF), Lick Observatory’s newest telescope
Credit: Laurie Hatch

Editor's note: The following essay is reprinted with permission from The Conversation, an online publication covering the latest research.

People around the world are being invited to learn how to hunt for planets, using two new online apps devised by scientists at the University of Texas at Austin and UC Santa Cruz.

The apps use data from the Automated Planet Finder (APF), Lick Observatory’s newest telescope. The APF is one of the first robotically operated telescopes monitoring stars throughout the entire sky. It is optimised for the detection of planets orbiting nearby stars – the so-called exoplanets.

Systemic is an app that collects observations from APF and other observatories and makes them available to the general public. Anyone can access a simplified interface and follow the steps that astronomers take to tease a planetary signal out of the tiny Doppler shifts collected by the telescope.

Students and amateurs can learn about the process of scientific discovery from their own web browsers, and even conduct their own analysis of the data to validate planet discoveries.

The second app, SuperPlanetCrash, is a simple but addictive game that animates the orbits of planetary systems as a “digital orrery”. Users can play for points and create their own planetary systems, which often end up teetering towards instabilities that eject planets away from their parent stars.

First catch
Despite only being in operation for a few months, APF has already been used to discover new planetary systems.

Night after night, the telescope autonomously selects a list of interesting target stars, based on their position in the sky and observing conditions. The telescope collects light from each target star. The light is then split into a rainbow of colours, called a spectrum. Superimposed on the spectrum is a pattern of dark features, called absorption lines, which is unique to the chemical makeup of the star.

When a planet orbits one of the target stars, its gravitational pull on the star causes the absorption lines to shift back and forth. Astronomers can then interpret the amplitude and periodicity of these shifts to indirectly work out the orbit and the mass of each planet.

This method of detecting exoplanets is dubbed the Doppler (or Radial Velocity) technique, named after the physical effect causing the shift of the absorption lines. The Doppler technique has been extremely productive over the past two decades, leading to the discovery of more than 400 planet candidates orbiting nearby stars – including the first exoplanet orbiting a star similar to our own Sun, 51 Pegasi. To conclusively detect a planetary candidate, each star has to be observed for long stretches of time (months to years) in order to rule out other possible explanations.

The APF has now found two new planetary systems surrounding the stars HD141399 and Gliese 687.

HD141399 hosts four giant, gaseous planets of comparable size to Jupiter. The orbits of the innermost three giant planets are dramatically more compact than the giant planets in our Solar System (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).

Gliese 687 is a small, red star hosting a Neptune-mass planet orbiting very close to the star: it only takes about 40 days for the planet to complete a full revolution around the star.

Team leader Steve Vogt of the University of California, Santa Cruz has dubbed both of these almost “garden variety” planetary systems, and indeed, they are quite similar to some of the systems discovered over the last few years. However, what look like distinctly unglamorous planetary systems now can still pose a puzzle to scientists.

The new normal
The planetary systems discovered so far are typically very different from our own solar system. More than half of the nearby stars are thought to be accompanied by Neptune-mass or smaller planets, many orbiting closer than Mercury is to the Sun. In our solar system, on the other hand, there is a very clear demarcation between small, rocky planets close to the Sun (from Mercury to Mars) and giant planets far from the Sun (from Jupiter to Neptune). This perhaps suggests that planetary systems like the one we live in are an uncommon outcome of the process of planet formation.

Only further discoveries can clarify whether planetary systems architected like our own are as uncommon as they appear to be. These observations will need to span many years of careful collection of Doppler shifts. Since the APF facility is primarily dedicated to Doppler observations, it is expected to make key contributions to exoplanetary science.

The two apps produced by the APF team make amateur scientists part of the hunt. These applications join the nascent movement of “citizen science”, which enable the general public to understand and even contribute to scientific research, either by lending a hand in analyzing massive sets of scientific data or by flagging interesting datasets that warrant further collection of data.
Stefano Meschiari does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Twin Earth May Be Better Than Earth for Life

 

By Michael Moyer | April 17, 2014 |  

Artist's vision of Kepler-186f

Pseudo-Earths are out there. That’s the message of today’s exciting announcement that a planet about the same size as Earth lives in its star’s habitable zone—the temperate region around a star where liquid water might flow. “For me, the impact is to prove that such planets really do exist,” said David Charbonneau, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Nature.

It’s an article of faith that the planets most likely to harbor life are the planets most like Earth. Our home is, after all, the only known place in the universe that gives life shelter. From our sample of size of one we peer out into the cosmos for places that might mirror back the essential features that make our planet so fertile.

Unfortunately, discovering distant planets is so difficult that we can only discern the barest information about any potential neighbor. In the case of Kepler-186f, the newly discovered Earth-like exoplanet, astronomers know its size (about 1.11 times the radius of Earth), the length of its year (130 Earth days), and how much solar radiation it receives (about 32 percent of what the Earth gets from the Sun). Other questions—what is it made of? does it have an atmosphere? how hot is its surface?—we can only answer indirectly, if at all. There’s no way to tell, in other words, if the surface of Kepler-186f supports swimmable temperatures between zero and 100 degrees Celsius.

But we can flip the question of habitability around. Instead of assuming that the most life-friendly planets are Earth-sized orbs circling a Sun-like star, we can ask what characteristics a planet might have if we were to build it from scratch with the express purpose of setting the stage for the genesis of life and evolutionary success. What simple beginnings would best brew life’s endless forms most beautiful?

The answer, it turns out, isn’t an exact copy of Earth. Astronomers have recently begun to ponder the possibility of a “superhabitable” planet—one that has all the life-giving features of Earth, but more so. What are the characteristic signatures of such a world?  As the astronomers René Heller and John Armstrong describe in a recent paper, these planets will be slightly larger than Earth—up to about two or three times Earth’s radius. These chubby Earths would presumably have more magnetic shielding from solar radiation; greater tectonic activity, which means more volcanoes to belch carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; a thicker atmosphere, held in by the greater surface gravity, and simply more surface area for life to roam.

A moon wouldn’t hurt either. As Lee Billings described in our January story “The Search for Life on Faraway Moons,” a moon surrounding a distant planet could create a tidal heating effect—the orbit of the moon stretching and contracting the planet enough to generate frictional heating forces that would make a planet habitable even if it orbited outside of its star’s habitable zone. Discovering a moon is much trickier than finding a planet itself, however. (A few intrepid astronomers are on the case.) For now, the only special planetary attributes we can reliably search for are those that a spacecraft like Kepler can discern: size and distance from star. And, of course, what the star itself looks like.

In this, the planet Kepler-186f may be a winner. The star it orbits—Kepler 186—is a dwarf star, dimmer and smaller than our Sun. These stars burn a little less vigorously than our Sun does, which means their nuclear fuel can last for billions of years longer—additional billions of years for evolution to do its work.

With a radius 11 percent larger than Earth’s and an orbit around an extremely long-lived dwarf star, Kepler 186f may be undersold as a twin of Earth. It could be our first example of a superhabitable world.

Image courtesy NASA Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-Caltech

Produção diária no pré-sal bate recorde com 428 mil barris

 

Petróleo Produção diária no pré-sal bate recorde com 428 mil barris

A produção de petróleo na Província Pré-Sal, nas Bacias de Santos e Campos, chegou a 428 mil barris por dia (bpd). A marca foi atingida nessa terça-feira (15) e configura um novo recorde de produção diária. A informação foi divulgada ontem (17) pela Petrobras.

Economia

Segundo a estatal, o número foi alcançado devido ao aumento da produção da plataforma P-58, que entrou em operação no 17 de março no Parque das Baleias, na Bacia de Campos. A produção da P-58 está em cerca de 50 mil bpd em três poços. A Petrobras detém 100% dos direitos na área.

A produção no pré-sal inclui 24 poços, sendo 15 na Bacia de Campos e nove na Bacia de Santos. Até o fim do ano, mais 15 poços entrarão em operação no pré-sal, 11 na Bacia de Santos e quatro na Bacia de Campos.

 

High colesterol

 

Almonds play a role in helping lower cholesterol. Properties in almond skins protect against LDL (the bad cholesterol) and can reduce the risk of heart disease. The fibre structure of almonds may also prevent weight gain. Try eating a handful of almonds each day.

Avocados have also been shown to reduce the production of LDL - the bad cholesterol, and increase the good cholesterol in those that have slightly raised cholesterol. Avocados can also provide protection against breast cancer, heart disease and strokes and help aid digestion.

Beans and lentils have been proven to lower levels of bad cholesterol dramatically when eaten as part of a low-fat diet. They are also packed with nutrients and preventative properties that help combat aging and diabetes. Try adding beans and lentils to salads, soups or casseroles.

http://www.buyagift.co.uk/content/foodhealth/index.html

Dieta low carb emagrece, mas deve ser feita com cuidado

 

Quantidade de carboidratos ingeridos não pode ser muito reduzida e a ingestão de proteínas não deve aumentar

Por Bruna Stuppiello - publicado em 08/04/2014

A dieta low carb propõe reduzir a quantidade de carboidratos ingeridos. A orientação em uma alimentação convencional é que 50 a 55% do que é ingerido no dia seja carboidrato. Já nos métodos low carb, o macronutriente pode compor entre 45% a 5% do que é consumido em um dia. É importante ressaltar que a redução extrema de carboidratos, algo abaixo de 40%, até proporciona o emagrecimento, porém ele não será saudável e pode ter uma série de consequências graves para a saúde.  Os carboidratos incluem alimentos como arroz, macarrão, pão e batata.
Além disso, este método defende que seja priorizado o consumo de carboidratos de baixo índice glicêmico, aqueles cuja glicose (açúcar) é absorvida em uma velocidade mais lenta e por isso não há picos de glicose e nem de insulina no organismo. São exemplos de alimentos de baixo IG a batata doce e o arroz integral.
O consumo de alimentos integrais que são ricos em fibras também é estimulado neste método para emagrecer. Conversamos com especialistas para entender quais são os prós e os contras deste regime.

Por que emagrece

Este método contribui para o emagrecimento saudável ao sugerir que a alimentação priorize os carboidratos de baixo índice glicêmico. Isto porque quando um carboidrato é ingerido ele tem a glicose que será utilizada pela célula para obter energia.
Caso haja excesso de glicose, ela é estocada em forma de gordura e se for utilizada antes da próxima refeição não há ganho de peso. Para que o organismo consiga queimar a gordura estocada é preciso liberar um hormônio chamado glucagon que irá retirar essa energia estocada. "Quando a dieta é rica em alimentos com alto índice glicêmico, ocorrem muitos picos de insulina e às vezes eles estão tão altos que o glucagon nunca é liberado", explica o nutrólogo Roberto Navarro. Sem o glucagon a gordura que está estocada não é queimada e não há perda de peso.
Assim, quando a dieta prioriza a ingestão de alimentos de baixo índice glicêmico há uma alteração menor da insulina e consequentemente ocorre a produção de glucagon. Quando há a presença de fibras e proteínas a liberação do hormônio também é mais eficaz.
Quando a dieta low carb propõe uma redução pequena de carboidratos, algo até 40% do que é ingerido no dia, ela também ajuda a emagrecer. "Não só o carboidrato, mas a proteína e principalmente a gordura devem ser controlados. Com uma redução de 10% e com a melhora na qualidade do que será consumido, a pessoa conseguirá não só um bom resultado, mas também uma reeducação de hábitos", afirma a nutricionista Vivian Ragasso, do Instituto Cohen de Ortopedia, Reabilitação e Medicina do Esporte.

Ver texto completo em www.minhavida.com.br

Why the rich now have less leisure than the poor

 

Apr 19th 2014

FOR most of human history rich people had the most leisure. In “Downton Abbey”, a drama about the British upper classes of the early 20th century, one aloof aristocrat has never heard of the term “weekend”: for her, every day is filled with leisure. On the flip side, the poor have typically slogged. Hans-Joachim Voth, an economic historian at the University of Zurich, shows that in 1800 the average English worker laboured for 64 hours a week. “In the 19th century you could tell how poor somebody was by how long they worked,” says Mr Voth.

In today’s advanced economies things are different. Overall working hours have fallen over the past century. But the rich have begun to work longer hours than the poor. In 1965 men with a college degree, who tend to be richer, had a bit more leisure time than men who had only completed high school. But by 2005 the college-educated had eight hours less of it a week than the high-school grads. Figures from the American Time Use Survey, released last year, show that Americans with a bachelor’s degree or above work two hours more each day than those without a high-school diploma. Other research shows that the share of college-educated American men regularly working more than 50 hours a week rose from 24% in 1979 to 28% in 2006, but fell for high-school dropouts. The rich, it seems, are no longer the class of leisure.

There are a number of explanations. One has to do with what economists call the “substitution effect”. Higher wages make leisure more expensive: if people take time off they give up more money. Since the 1980s the salaries of those at the top have risen strongly, while those below the median have stagnated or fallen. Thus rising inequality encourages the rich to work more and the poor to work less.

The “winner-takes-all” nature of modern economies may amplify the substitution effect. The scale of the global market means businesses that innovate tend to reap huge gains (think of YouTube, Apple and Goldman Sachs). The returns for beating your competitors can be enormous. Research from Peter Kuhn of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Fernando Lozano of Pomona College shows that the same is true for highly skilled workers. Although they do not immediately get overtime pay for “extra” hours, the most successful workers, often the ones putting in the most hours, may reap gains from winner-takes-all markets. Whereas in the early 1980s a man working 55 hours a week earned 11% more than a man putting in 40 hours in the same type of occupation, that gap had increased to 25% by the turn of the millennium.

Economists tend to assume that the substitution effect must at some stage be countered by an “income effect”: as higher wages allow people to satisfy more of their material needs, they forgo extra work and instead choose more leisure. A billionaire who can afford his own island has little incentive to work that extra hour. But new social mores may have flipped the income effect on its head.

The status of work and leisure in the rich world has changed since the days of “Downton Abbey”. Back in 1899 Thorstein Veblen, an American economist who dabbled in sociology, offered his take on things. He argued that leisure was a “badge of honour”. Rich people could get others to do the dirty, repetitive work—what Veblen called “industry”. Yet Veblen’s leisure class was not idle. Rather they engaged in “exploit”: challenging and creative activities such as writing, philanthropy and debating.

Veblen’s theory needs updating, according to a recent paper from researchers at Oxford University*. Work in advanced economies has become more knowledge-intensive and intellectual. There are fewer really dull jobs, like lift-operating, and more glamorous ones, like fashion design. That means more people than ever can enjoy “exploit” at the office. Work has come to offer the sort of pleasures that rich people used to seek in their time off. On the flip side, leisure is no longer a sign of social power. Instead it symbolises uselessness and unemployment.

The evidence backs up the sociological theory. The occupations in which people are least happy are manual and service jobs requiring little skill. Job satisfaction tends to increase with the prestige of the occupation. Research by Arlie Russell Hochschild of the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that as work becomes more intellectually stimulating, people start to enjoy it more than home life. “I come to work to relax,” one interviewee tells Ms Hochschild. And wealthy people often feel that lingering at home is a waste of time. A study in 2006 revealed that Americans with a household income of more than $100,000 indulged in 40% less “passive leisure” (such as watching TV) than those earning less than $20,000.

Condemned to relax

What about less educated workers? Increasing leisure time probably reflects a deterioration in their employment prospects as low-skill and manual jobs have withered. Since the 1980s, high-school dropouts have fared badly in the labour market. In 1965 the unemployment rate of American high-school graduates was 2.9 percentage points higher than for those with a bachelor’s degree or more. Today it is 8.4 points higher. “Less educated people are not necessarily buying their way into leisure,” explains Erik Hurst of the University of Chicago. “Some of that time off work may be involuntary.” There may also be change in the income effect for those on low wages. Information technology, by opening a vast world of high-quality and cheap home entertainment, means that low-earners do not need to work as long to enjoy a reasonably satisfying leisure.

Experimental Drug Shows Early Promise for Some Cases of Advanced Melanoma

 

 

TUESDAY April 8, 2014, 2014 -- An experimental cancer drug that activates the immune system has shown early promise for advanced cases of melanoma skin cancer, researchers report.

The findings come from an early stage trial of just 31 patients. But experts were cautiously optimistic about what the study showed: The drug's side effects were manageable, and four patients saw their tumors shrink.

That's a small number, but a trial like this is largely aimed at seeing whether a drug is safe and finding a tolerable dose.

"Any time you see some responders in an early study, it's encouraging," said Dr. Jeffrey Weber, a melanoma expert at the Moffitt Cancer Center in Florida, who was not involved in the research.

Much more remains to be learned about the drug -- known for now as IMCgp100. "But," Weber said, "it is good enough to show some activity in an early stage trial. It's definitely worth pursuing."

IMCgp100 is just one of several "immunotherapies" under study for advanced melanoma. The general idea behind immunotherapy is to help the body's immune system do a better job of recognizing and killing off cancer cells.

Melanoma is the rarest, but deadliest, form of skin cancer. Caught early, it's curable with surgery. But once it spreads to distant lymph nodes or other organs -- known as stage 4 melanoma -- the disease is very hard to treat.

In just the past few years, though, researchers have made headway. In 2011, the United States and Europe approved an immunotherapy drug called ipilimumab (Yervoy) -- the first treatment shown to prolong the lives of some patients with advanced melanoma.

Still, only a minority of patients respond to the drug, and it can cause severe side effects -- including life-threatening inflammation of the liver or digestive tract.

So there's an acute need for additional therapies, said Dr. Mark Middleton, who was to present the new findings on Tuesday at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, in San Diego.

"The reality is, despite exciting advances in treatment, most of the patients we see with advanced melanoma will die of the disease," said Middleton, of Oxford University in England.

IMCgp100 targets melanoma in two ways: It attaches to a specific, tiny protein found on some melanoma cells, and it activates nearby T-cells to attack the tumor.

The catch is that a patient's cancer must be positive for that protein, called HLA A2 -- which is true in about 45 percent of melanomas, Middleton said.

The 31 patients in this study were all HLA A2-positive, and all but one had stage 4 melanoma. They were split into eight groups and given different doses of IMCgp100. Patients who were able to tolerate the first infusion received six more weekly treatments.

In the end, there were four patients who showed a "partial response" to the drug, which meant their tumors shrunk. One patient continued to see a regression with further treatment, and is still stable after more than 10 months, according to Middleton.

The most common side effects were rash, fever and "tumor flare" -- swelling and tenderness at the site of a tumor. Two of four patients who got the highest drug dose did have an immediate drop in blood pressure, so the researchers have since set the maximum dose below that.

Middleton said his team is now studying the drug in a larger group of patients, and trying to find the most effective regimen.

"The other obvious question is, where would this drug fit in?" Middleton said.

Besides Yervoy and other immunotherapies under development, there are also newer "targeted" drugs that directly attack proteins found on some melanomas -- including drugs called BRAF inhibitors.

Weber said researchers will have to figure out whether combinations of different therapies work better than a single one -- and which patients stand to benefit from a particular combination.

Middleton agreed. "We now have a whole range of therapies coming out, which is exciting," he said. But the difficult part, he added, will be understanding how to best use them.

In the United States, about 76,000 people will be diagnosed with melanoma this year, and 9,700 will die of the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. While melanoma is relatively uncommon, its incidence has been rising for the past few decades, the cancer society notes.

Immunocore, the company developing IMCgp100, funded the current study. Middleton reports no financial interests in the work.

The data and conclusions of research presented at medical meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

More information

The American Cancer Society has more on melanoma treatments.

 

Space Launch System Core Stage Model 'Sounds' Off for Testing

 

 

A 5-percent scale model of the Space Launch System (SLS) core stage fires up for another round of acoustic testing at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. SLS, NASA's new rocket, will be the largest, most powerful rocket ever built for deep space missions. The SLS core stage, towering more than 200 feet tall with a diameter of 27.6 feet, will store cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that will feed the vehicle’s RS-25 engines. The acoustic tests, which began in January, will show how powerful noise from the engines and boosters can impact the rocket and crew, especially at liftoff. Data from the tests will help verify the rocket's design and help develop an effective suppression system to stifle the sound. The current test series, which began March 20, will be used to determine the noise reduction capabilities of the water suppression system at NASA's Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Miss. The system will be used for core stage "green run" testing. "Green run" testing ensures all stage and engine parts have been exposed to flight-like environments prior to use on a mission.

Image Credit: NASA/MSFC/David Olive

The "Heartbleed" Internet Security Flaw: What You Need to Know

 

Here is what you need to know to understand the problem and how to respond

Apr 10, 2014 |By Wendy M. Grossman

SSL—for Secure Sockets Layer—is a protocol used ubiquitously on the Web to protect confidential user information in transit.  Credit: Jannete Mark via Flickr

Consumers used to waking up every week or so to news of yet another Internet security hole or data breach may be hard-pressed to understand why Heartbleed, the hole in the commonly used Web security software OpenSSL, is different. But it is: Such diverse and nonalarmist security commentators as Bruce Schneier, along with the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Ars Technica, have all dubbed the bug "catastrophic."
"On the scale of 1 to 10, this is an 11," Schneier wrote on his blog yesterday.
So: What is it? How do you know if it affects you? What should you do about it?
SSL—for Secure Sockets Layer—is a protocol used ubiquitously on the Web to protect confidential user information in transit. This includes, but is not limited to, user IDs and passwords, credit card details, and other personal information. When you see HTTPS at the beginning of the address in your browser's address bar, that syntax indicates that SSL is in use to encrypt the traffic between your computer and the Web server at the other end. Increased used of SSL to protect the queries and messages users type into search engines, Webmail, and social networks so they cannot be read in transit has been an important part of the Web's response to Edward Snowden's revelations of endemic National Security Agency spying on Internet traffic.
SSL is based on public key cryptography: that is, each server using it has a pair of complementary cryptographic keys that are authenticated by a certificate issued by a trusted authority. Material encoded with the public key, which may be disseminated widely, can be decrypted only by the private key, which is kept secret, and vice versa. When you communicate securely with such a server, your browser first checks the server's identity by checking the certificate. If the browser trusts the certificate, it sends back a message using the server's public key. The server then sends back a digitally signed acknowledgement, and a secure session begins. You can see details of this authentication by clicking on the little padlock that appears next to HTTPS in your browser's address bar. To be useful, SSL has to be implemented in software that in turn is incorporated into a bigger product such as a Web server. The most common such implementation is OpenSSL, used by approximately two thirds of the Web's servers.
Heartbleed is the result of a two-year-old programming error that allows an attacker to trick a system running OpenSSL into undetectably revealing the contents of the server's system memory. At a given second these may be anything—a user name and password, a credit card number or, most damaging, the server's private cryptographic keys. Many well-known sites are affected, including Yahoo! (and its subsidiaries Tumblr and Flickr), the dating site OKCupid and the anonymizing browsing system Tor.
A breach like Target's in December 2013 was comparatively simple. Its reach was huge—DatalossDB.org puts the number of compromised records at 110 million—but the boundaries are roughly known. Consumers know whether they were at risk, and so do business partners such as suppliers and customers. By contrast, Heartbleed is a hole in a piece of fundamental technology that millions of individuals and businesses worldwide have trusted to secure systems ranging from retail Web sites to mail servers, and because there is no way to know what information may have been copied, the exact scale may never be clear.
Fixing the problem is a multi-stage process: site engineers need to patch their server software (which may require waiting for their vendor to provide the patch), revoke their old certificates and keys, and issue new ones. Therefore, say experts such as the anti-virus company Sophos, changing your password before this work is done won't make you less vulnerable, although you may wish to do so anyway. If you do change all your passwords now, make sure to go back and do it again as sites are fixed. You should, however, change immediately passwords on other sites that are the same as the ones you've used on the affected sites. Consider using password managers like LastPass, 1Password or Password Safe to make it easier to generate random, unique passwords—to do so they require you to remember a single (long! complicated!) passphrase.
In the longer term, the Electronic Frontier Foundation is pushing sites to adopt Perfect Forward Security, which would eliminate attackers' ability to use sites' private keys to read data they've stored up over the last two years.