Pinpointing the Onset of Metastasis

 

Wed, 06/24/2015 - 1:43pm by Lindsay Hock, Editor Image: MetaStat Within the oncology community, a debate is raging about two controversial topics. The first is overdiagnosis. According to a recent report in The Wall Street Journal, some leading cancer experts say that zealous screening is finding ever-smaller abnormalities that are being labeled cancer or precancer with little or no justification. Coupled to this is a more serious and potentially more destructive problem: overdiagnosis is leading to overtreatment. Some cancer patients being treated aggressively—with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and other treatments—all of which is unnecessary, expensive and can potentially bring lifelong side effects. Many women with breast cancer make the dramatic decision to undergo treatment beyond a lumpectomy to diminish the risk of the cancer spreading once a tumor is removed. But in making the decision to perform additional procedures, women and their doctors are, in effect, betting that it’s better to overtreat than to undertreat. This isn’t quite the “it’s better to be safe than sorry” approach because it ignores an important statistic: only 35% of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer have a tumor that will actually metastasize. These patients with an aggressive tumor are good candidates for chemotherapy. However, the majority of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer—approximately 65%—have tumors that are biologically incapable of metastasizing, rendering these extra measures unnecessary. The dilemma of overtreatment has been well-summarized by Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society. “I am confident that somewhere between 10% and 30% of women with localized invasive breast cancer would be just fine if we just watched them,” Brawley told The Wall Street Journal. “But I cannot look into a patient’s eyes and say, ‘You’re one of the 10% to 30% that should not be treated.’” Boston, Mass.-based MetaStat Inc., whose Scientific and Clinical Advisory Board is chaired by Oscar L. Bronsther, MD, is aiming to provide more clarity for patients and oncologists when deciding what’s next after a tumor is removed. The company has developed new tests to analyze whether a specific individual’s cancer has metastatic potential, MetaSite Breast and MenaCalc. These tests are intended to potentially allow clinicians to customize cancer treatment decisions by identifying and differentiating high-risk patients who need aggressive therapy, and by possible sparing low-risk patients from the harmful side effects and expense of additional treatment. MetaStat’s researchers have identified the important predictive role of the Mena protein. Mena is found in the developing embryo where it is an important actor in the developing nervous system among other functions. It facilitates and organizes formation, extension and navigation of growing nerve fibers through tissue to link with other neurons, forming the proper circuits needed for a functional nervous system. Its expression decreases from embryonic to adult life. However in metastatic cancer cells, high levels of the Mena protein accumulate and influence a number of intracellular signaling programs. Mena facilitates a dangerous process whereby tumor cells send out a well-organized protuberance that invades surrounding tissue and pulls the remainder of the cell behind it. Mena modulates the strength and direction of this invasive process and steers the migrating cancer cell in the direction of blood vessels through its ability to modulate the metastatic cell’s response to chemical signals that attract it to blood vessels. Mena is present in cancer cells in more than one form. MetaStat has identified the most dangerous isoform of Mena that it has named MenaINV (Mena invasive). Mena11A, on the other hand, is the Mena isoform that seems to exert a much more positive influence on the cell’s behavior, reducing the ability of cells to break away from the tumor and invade and migrate toward blood vessels. MetaStat’s key discovery is that it can predict the metastatic potential of a cancer cell by measuring the relative levels of MenaINV and Mena11A. As the relative levels of MenaINV rise and Mena11A fall, the cancer cell transitions to a more metastatic shape and behavior. These metastasis-promoting behavior changes include increased migratory behavior, changes in shape, loss of adhesion to neighboring cells and up to 100-fold greater sensitivity to the chemical attractant that lures metastatic cells to blood vessels. The company’s MetaSite Breast test is performed on tissue from a biopsy and can identify where metastasis begins in the body. For this to happen, three types of cells must self-assemble in a structure called the “MetaSite”: one type of cell that lines blood vessels; a type of immune cell; and a tumor cell that expresses the Mena protein. MetaStat Breast can identify these cells by a staining process. MetaStat has shown in clinical studies that the density of MetaSites is linked to metastatic risk. Performing the test readily fits into the current diagnostic paradigm and requires no additional surgical procedures. MetaStat’s other test, MenaCalc, measures metastatic risk in breast, prostate, lung and colorectal cancers. The MenaCalc assay requires very little tissue and can be performed on cells from a needle biopsy or fine needle aspiration, allowing oncologists to begin treatment starting from patients’ initial visit. MetaStat expects to initially commercialize the MenaCalc assay for breast cancer, followed by assays for prostate cancer and adenocarcinoma of the lung. With the advent of tests for cancer patients that can determine the likelihood of metastasis, the outlook for cancer diagnostics appears brighter on several fronts. Oncologists will be equipped to offer their cancer patients a much more informed set of options, involving less uncertainty and a better understanding of what additional treatments, if any, are worthwhile. Patients, in turn, can look forward to more personalized care reflecting their individual cancer, and will be assured that they are avoiding unnecessary procedures that can take a toll on the body. Overall, by reducing the rate of unneeded treatments, the cost of cancer care—which currently stands at more than $100 billion in the U.S. annually—may fall: a win-win for everyone involved. rdmag.com

Emergency Safety Shower Decontamination Booth

 

Mon, 06/29/2015 - 4:16pm HEMCO Corporation Hemco Corporation LISTED UNDER: Safety Equipment HEMCO emergency shower/decontamination booths are fully assembled and ready for installation to water supply and waste systems. The shower is molded in a one piece seamless chemical resistant fiberglass and is equipped with a pull rod-activated shower and push handle eye/face wash for immediately drenching of personnel that have been exposed to hazardous chemicals. Shower is equipped with frosted front strip curtains, interior grab bars, raised deck grating and bottom or rear drain outlet. Compliant with ANSI and OSHA requirements. HEMCO Corp. -  www.HEMCOcorp.com

Learning from biology to accelerate discovery

 

Mon, 07/06/2015 - 11:30am Megan Fellman, Northwestern University A spider's web is one of the most intricate constructions in nature, but its precious silk has more than one use. Silk threads can be used as draglines, guidelines, anchors, pheromonal trails, nest lining or even food. And each use requires a slightly different type of silk, optimized for its function. "Each type of silk has similar proteins, but they are synthesized differently," said Sinan Keten, assistant professor of mechanical and civil engineering at Northwestern Univ.'s McCormick School of Engineering. "Then the spider knows how fast to reel the silk to get different properties. Nature is smart. It can tailor a structure to get different mechanical properties." Spider silk is one biological material that Keten discusses in his new paper "The role of mechanics in biological and bio-inspired systems," published in Nature Communications. Surveying everything from sea cucumbers and Venus flytraps to human muscles and trees, the review paper broadly explores the strategies that biology employs to create different functions and the mechanics at play within those functions. Discovering how and why biological systems attain desirable static and dynamic mechanical functionalities often reveals principles that inform new synthetic designs based on biological systems. Co-authored by Philip LeDuc of Carnegie Mellon University, Keten's paper covers three themes: bottom-up assembly, multiscale and multiphasic organization, and the passive and active features found in different materials. "We wanted to point out some of the overarching principles that many systems share," Keten said. "By understanding these and learning from biology, we can speed up discovery." Much of the paper focuses on nanoconfinement, a major part of Keten's research. The term describes the ability to control the building blocks of a material at the smallest level in order to ensure specific properties. When a spider creates its dragline, for example, it spins silk faster than when its constructing a web. The crystals comprising the silk are smaller when it's spun faster, resulting in stronger material. When the crystals are larger, the silk is less structured and contains more defects. Although Keten spent the early part of his career studying spider silk, he has more recently shifted his focus to cellulose in tree branches. "We see the same things in silk as we do wood," Keten said. "Small crystals are preferred to larger crystals. It call comes back to nanoconfinement, which is to make the material's building blocks small enough that you don't have defects and therefore get stronger features. Additionally, nanoscale building blocks give rise to more interfaces in materials where intriguing physical phenomena may emerge from the large surface of nanoparticles." Funded by the Army Research Office, Keten's team discovered that, on the nanolevel, cellulose crystals are transparent and as tough as Kevlar. He suggests that these properties could be mimicked to develop bulletproof glass and goggles and uses computation to explore the best ways to arrange the crystals to achieve different properties. "You never mimic the biological system one-to-one," Keten said. "Like flight, for example. We can learn about aerodynamics from birds, but we don't design an airplane like a bird. That also applies to spider silk, which is a very tough and strong material. We don't use the exact same building blocks to develop a tough, man-made material. We use other building blocks but arrange them using the same methods we learn from biology." Source: Northwestern University

New tech using silver may hold key to electronics advances

 

Mon, 07/06/2015 - 9:40am David Stauth, Oregon State University Engineers at Oregon State University have invented a way to fabricate silver, a highly conductive metal, for printed electronics that are produced at room temperature. There may be broad applications in microelectronics, sensors, energy devices, low emissivity coatings and even transparent displays. A patent has been applied for on the technology, which is now available for further commercial development. The findings were reported in Journal of Materials Chemistry C. Silver has long been considered for the advantages it offers in electronic devices. Because of its conductive properties, it is efficient and also stays cool. But manufacturers have often needed high temperatures in the processes they use to make the devices, adding to their cost and complexity, and making them unsuitable for use on some substrates, such as plastics that might melt or papers that might burn. This advance may open the door to much wider use of silver and other conductors in electronics applications, researchers said. “There’s a great deal of interest in printed electronics, because they’re fast, cheap, can be done in small volumes and changed easily,” said Chih-hung Chang, a professor in the OSU College of Engineering. “But the heat needed for most applications of silver nanoparticles has limited their use.” OSU scientists have solved that problem by using a microreactor to create silver nanoparticles at room temperatures without any protective coating, and then immediately printing them onto almost any substrate with a continuous flow process. “Because we could now use different substrates such as plastics, glass or even paper, these electronics could be flexible, very inexpensive and stable,” Chang said. “This could be quite important and allow us to use silver in many more types of electronic applications.” Among those, he said, could be solar cells, printed circuit boards, low-emissivity coatings, or transparent electronics. A microchannel applicator used in the system will allow the creation of smaller, more complex electronics features. Source: Oregon State University

Graphene coating boosts battery performance

 

Jul 6, 2015 Extra charge: graphene and silicon can increase battery capacity The capacity of a lithium-ion battery can be nearly doubled by using an anode made from tiny nanoparticles of silicon wrapped in several layers of graphene. Researchers from South Korea – including electronics giant Samsung – have found that the graphene coating boosts the electrical conductivity of the particles and stops them from being damaged as their volume expands when the battery is charged. The scientists describe their work as "a meaningful step" towards the development of commercial batteries with silicon anodes. Ubiquitous in portable electronics, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries consist of two electrodes – anode and cathode – separated by an electrolyte. When the battery is being charged with electrical energy, lithium ions move from the cathode through the electrolyte to the anode, where they are absorbed into the bulk of the anode material. Expansion and contraction When the battery is discharged, lithium ions come out of the anode and return to the cathode. This makes the anode first expand and then contract, which can damage the anode over repeated charge/discharge cycles. Anodes made from graphite, though, are resistant to this damage, which is why this material has been used in commercial batteries for three decades. As portable devices become more energy-hungry, however, researchers have sought to boost the amount of energy that can be stored in lithium-ion batteries by developing anodes made from silicon. As well as being cheap and easy to work with, silicon can absorb 10 times more lithium ions per unit mass than graphite. Unfortunately, the volume of silicon expands by a factor of four when it absorbs lithium, which makes the silicon anodes prone to fracture and failure. Cracking and coating One way round this problem is to make the anode from an agglomeration of tiny spheres of silicon – each about 100 nm diameter – that are more resistant to cracking. But this approach also has its own challenges. Silicon is a semiconductor and to be an effective anode it must be coated with an electrical conductor. This coating must also remain intact as the nanospheres expand and contract. Now Mark Rümmeli and colleagues at the Institute for Basic Science in Korea, at Samsung and at the Korea Advanced Institute of Technology have devised a way to coat silicon nanoparticles with multiple layers of graphene. Graphene is a layer of carbon just one atom thick that is both a good electrical conductor and an extremely strong material. These two properties combine to make the coated nanoparticles very good conductors that are able to increase in size without damage to the coating or to the nanoparticles. An important challenge for Rümmeli and colleagues was how to coat silicon with graphene without creating a thin layer of silicon carbide between the two materials. This is because silicon carbide is an electrical insulator and also inhibits the flow of lithium ions. The team achieved silicon-carbide-free growth by heating the nanoparticles in the presence of methane and carbon dioxide. High conductivity Thanks to the graphene coating, a powder sample of nanoparticles has a conductivity that is 100 million times greater than a powder sample of uncoated particles. The team then made anodes from the coated nanoparticles and tested them in otherwise standard lithium-ion batteries. During the first charge–discharge cycle they found that the batteries held 1.8 times more energy than a battery with a conventional graphite anode. After 200 cycles, the batteries were still able to store 1.5 times more energy than a conventional device. When the team took a closer look at individual nanoparticles using an electron microscope, the researchers found that each layer of graphene did not completely encapsulate a nanoparticle. This allowed the graphene layers to slide across each other as the nanoparticle grew in size, thereby creating an expandable shell. Rümmeli told physicsworld.com that a similar sliding effect has been seen in multiwalled carbon nanotubes – rolled up sheets of graphene – which can extend telescopically. The team also believes that the sliding is offset by an inward "clamping" force that maintains the integrity of the graphene coating and reduces cracking in the nanoparticles. The incomplete layers also provide paths for the lithium ions to travel through the graphene coating to reach the anode. The research is described in Nature Communications.

Fitness for less: Low-cost ways to shape up

 

Want to work out but think you can't afford it? Think again. Consider these low-cost alternatives to a pricey gym membership. By Mayo Clinic Staff If the only thing keeping you from starting a fitness program is the cost of a gym membership, here's good news. You don't need to join a gym to take physical activity seriously. Plenty of low-cost alternatives can help you get fit without breaking your budget. These tips can help you get started. Take advantage of everyday opportunities You don't need a gym or special equipment for an aerobic workout. With a little foresight, activities you may take for granted can become part of your fitness routine. Step it up. Take a brisk walk every day, whether it's in your neighborhood or a local mall. Take the stairs instead of the elevator or make a full workout of climbing the stairs. Sneak in extra steps whenever you can by parking farther away from your destination. Make housework a workout. Mow the lawn, weed the garden, rake the leaves or shovel the snow. Even indoor activities such as vacuuming and scrubbing count as a workout if you increase your heart rate. Play with your kids. If you have children, don't just watch them play. Join them for a game of tag or kickball. Walk them to the park. Dance. Take a family bike ride. Go to a community pool. Even if you don't swim, you can enjoy time in the water or walk in the shallow end. Do your kids play video games? If so, plug in with them and swing a virtual tennis racket or do a little boxing. Improvise by using household items or your body weight If you'd rather not spend a penny on exercise equipment, use ordinary household items or your body weight for various upper and lower body exercises: Canned goods. Many canned goods can serve double duty as hand weights. Chair or step stool. Use a chair for support when doing exercises such as leg curls. A low, sturdy step stool can become exercise equipment if you use it for step training — an aerobic exercise resembling stair climbing. Use your body. You don't need to go to the gym and lift weights to increase your muscular fitness. Use your body weight to do weight training exercises and resistance training. Next April 17, 2015 References See more In-depth

The North Sea Abloom

 

 

Despite its cold waters and harsh winds, the North Sea is a fertile basin for phytoplankton blooms. The drifting, plantlike organisms tend to be most abundant in late spring and early summer due to high levels of nutrients in the water and increasing sunlight. The intense winds blowing over the relatively shallow North Sea causes a lot of vertical and horizontal mixing that brings nutrients to the surface, as does runoff from European rivers.

This image, acquired on June 11, 2015, by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite, shows a mass of phytoplankton blooming between Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Germany. As compared to a June 6 image showing a different stage of the bloom cycle, areas of concentrated phytoplankton are smaller and most have the milky color characteristic of coccolithophores; there are few to no green areas. The change could be due to the short life span of phytoplankton—two to six days—and differences between the species. Some outlast others because of their ability to survive at lower nutrient levels.

Some researchers have found that numbers of plankton can actually begin to increase in the middle of winter, when growth conditions would seem to be at their worst. Studies suggest that winter storms churn the ocean and cause deep water mixing. This water mixing allows for phytoplankton to grow and live at depth without being spotted by their predators. When spring arrives, phytoplankton can fully bloom because not only are the nutrients available, but there is a longer period of sunlight.

More information and images: NASA's Earth Observatory

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using data from the Level 1 and Atmospheres Active Distribution System (LAADS)
Caption: Rachel Carlowicz with Mike Carlowicz, interpretation insight provided by Mike Behrenfeld, Oregon State University, and Jochen Wollschläger, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht

Last Updated: July 6, 2015

Editor: Sarah Loff

Australia's vast geothermal energy resources represent thousands of years worth of untapped power

 

Temperature readings taken in existing oil and gas bore holes indicate a huge amount of geothermal energy below the surface of Australia. (Credit: Australian Geothermal Energy Association) Australia is sitting on top of some of the world's most potent geothermal energy sources, according to government estimates. Just one percent of the hot rock energy less than 5 km under the surface would be enough to meet the whole country's entire power needs for 26,000 years if it was tapped. So why aren't we seeing more movement on it? Geothermal energy is a very handy, virtually inexhaustible clean energy source for those areas lucky enough to find themselves on top of it. Massive amounts of hot rock just below the Earth's surface can be used to heat water and drive steam turbines for reliable electricity generation with virtually no emissions or environmental impact. Where wind and solar tend to generate power at inconvenient or uncontrollable times, geothermal can be easily regulated and is ready to go 24/7. Surveys testing the available heat in existing bore holes down to a depth of 5 km (3 miles) below the surface indicate that Australia is sitting on some seriously large hot rock resources, as shown in our lead image. So why is this enormous resource apparently so underdeveloped? Part of the answer is geographic. Much of Australia's hot rock is simply not conveniently located close to major cities. The big red splotch of prime red geothermal activity to the centre right of the map is more or less on top of a large, barren desert area several hundred kilometres from Sydney or Adelaide, and large scale power transmission can be an expensive proposition. Another part is geological. Australia has a ton of hot rock, but not a lot of the highly porous rock that makes for easy power extraction. To generate power, you need to be able to pump large amounts of water into a deep rock hole and let the water filter through pores and cracks in the rock, picking up heat as it goes, and then pump the heated water back to the surface on the other side. Much of Australia's hot rock isn't porous enough to let a good flow of water through, which means in order to set up a geothermal power plant, engineers need to forcibly crack the rock, slowly pumping water into an underground rock reservoir at high pressure, to create the appropriate kinds of cracks and channels. It's a costly process, and it's a bit hit and miss. A final problem facing all renewable energy sources may be political. While the fossil fuel energy industries enjoy some AU$4 billion in direct subsidies and tax breaks, the Australian government has allocated just AU$50 million to geothermal development. On top of that, the current conservative government has succeeded in slashing Australia's 2020 renewable energy target from 41,000 gigawatt hours by about 20 percent down to 33,000 – and managed to include the burning of scrap wood in the "renewable" target at the same time. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has made his beliefs on renewable energy clear, saying "Coal is good for humanity… Essential to the prosperity of the world," while describing wind farms as "ugly… noisy and they may have all sorts of other impacts… It's right and proper that we're having an enquiry into the health impacts of these things." Abbott's treasurer Joe Hockey has also described wind generators as "utterly offensive." Still, the Australian Geothermal Energy Association views both State and Federal governments as "very supportive" to the handful of operators currently working on developing geothermal projects. So perhaps there's a cleaner future in store for a country that currently ranks as the 10th highest carbon polluter per capita in the world. By Loz Blain - July 5, 2015 source:gizmag.com

ADAMAAS smart glasses to assist elderly and disabled in everyday tasks

 

We've seen various head-mounted wearables, such as the Motorola HC1, Golden-i and the AITT system, which are designed to give industrial workers or military personnel a helping hand in carrying out highly specialized tasks. But what about the elderly or disabled that struggle with everyday tasks? That's the niche a pair of smart glasses developed through the "Adaptive and Mobile Action Assistance in Daily Living Activities" (ADAMAAS) project are intended to fill. The ADAMAAS glasses are designed to determine what the wearer is doing, such as cooking a meal, and not only provide context-appropriate assistance in the form of text, visuals or avatars on a virtual plane in the wearer's field of view, but also react when a mistake is made. The goal is to allow them to continue working on a task while receiving instructions on how to do it better and correct mistakes as they happen. Unlike other smart glasses, such as Google Glass, the ADAMAAS glasses are particularly targeted at elderly and disabled people, and will ultimately provide directions for basic tasks, like how to bake a cake or brew a pot of coffee, as well as more complex tasks, such as fixing a bicycle or practicing yoga. The ADAMAAS project is being conducted at the Cluster of Excellence Cognitive Interactive Technology (CITEC) at Bielefeld University in Germany. The group recently received €1.2 million (US$1.3 million) in funding from the German Federal Ministry for Education to further development of the glasses. “In this project, different technologies are being combined, including memory research, eye tracking and vital parameter measurements (such as pulse or heart rate), object and action recognition (Computer Vision), as well as Augmented Reality (AR) with modern diagnostics and corrective intervention techniques,” explains CITEC researcher Thomas Schack. It's a different approach to the wearable space, taking a diagnostic system that is usually stationary and making it mobile, while also integrating monitoring technology that enables reaction to and individualized support for the user's actions in real time. This could mean huge things for people who face challenges with everyday tasks but who want to remain independent. Source: Bielefeld University

Kepler Energy reveals plans for tidal energy scheme in Bristol Channel

 

Kepler Energy's Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (THAWT) uses a stressed truss configuration With its large tidal range, Britain's Bristol Channel has a huge potential for generating tidal electric power. The problem is that, until now, schemes for tapping that power have required building dams and barrages so gigantic they would have given even the most wild-eyed Victorian engineer pause. As a more economical alternative, Kepler Energy has announced plans for a 30 MW tidal energy fence to be built in the Channel. With an estimated cost of £143 million (US$223 million), the underwater fence would be built in the water somewhere along the line between Aberthaw and Minehead and could be operational by 2021. According to some estimates, if the tides that flow in and out of the Bristol Channel could be properly harnessed, they could supply up to five percent of Britain's energy needs. It's a challenge that has attracted engineers for over a century, but while on paper there's a tremendous amount of energy waiting to be tapped, a viable plan of how to actually go about it has proven elusive. The main stumbling block is the nature of tidal power technology. Most conventional systems rely on horizontal axis turbines. This is like an underwater wind turbine and, like its terrestrial counterparts, it has severe limitations as to where it can be placed and under what conditions it can generate a practical amount of energy without ripping itself apart. Larger outputs require larger blades, which is a tricky enough problem with wind turbines, but water turbines tend to cavitate, which reduces efficiency and damages the turbine, so there's an upper limit to how big the machine can get. Because of these various factors, horizontal axis turbines are confined to deep waters over 30 m (98 ft) deep and tidal flows of over 2.5 m/s (8.2 ft/s). The top alternative is Dynamic Tidal Power (DTP). This requires large barrages thrusting many miles out into the sea to channel the tide toward the turbines. Theoretically, such an installation could produce 10 to 15 GW of energy with a 40 to 50 km (25 to 31 mi) wall, but it's a massive investment and it has to be built first before the engineers can determine how well it works, so there's a high level of uncertainty. For its project, Kepler Energy is using its Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (THAWT) technology. Developed by Oxford University’s Department of Engineering Science, it's designed for deployment in shallower, lower velocity tidal waters. It's based on a stressed truss configuration with carbon composite hydrofoil blades. According to Kepler, this simple design with a minimum of moving parts allows the dynamos and other electrical equipment to be installed in dry columns. In this, the generating units consist of two sets of blades sitting on three columns with a single generator between them. Kepler regards the Bristol channel as ideal for the installation and plans for the turbines to be set up as a subsurface tidal fence 1 km (0.6 mi) long, while future fences could be over 10 km (6.2 mi) long. The idea is that the fence causes the current to back up against it as it tries to flow past. This phenomenon, known as blockage, produces a head of water that increases the efficiency of the turbines. Blockage increase with the length of tidal fence, so the longer the fence, the greater the output by each turbine. According to Kepler, the new system does not require specialist vessels to overlook them, and can operate over a wider range of sea conditions than the alternatives. The Kepler blades cover a much greater area than horizontal axis turbines with much less depth needed. They also claim that the simplicity of the design makes it much less expensive than more conventional designs. Kepler Energy is currently seeking funding for the project as it moves into the development and planning phases, which includes a rigorous environmental assessment. It has presented its plans to the Department of Energy & Climate Change, the Welsh Government, The Crown Estate, and Bristol City Council, and plans to start a stakeholder consultation program “As our tidal technology can operate in lower velocity tidal waters, there is greater scope for its deployment in the UK and overseas." says Peter Dixon, Chairman of Kepler Energy. "It means that we can achieve greater economies of scale as our projects are deployed. We can happily co-exist with tidal lagoons, and the power peaks will occur at different stages of the tide, meaning that the combined output into the grid will be more easily manageable. In addition, our levelized costs of production will be in the range £100 to £130 (US$156 to US$202) per MWh for utility scale production, so costs will be cheaper than lagoons and in time we will be cheaper than offshore wind generation. Furthermore, investment risk is manageable since turbines are added incrementally to form the fence, with each one generating revenue as it is added.”   Source: Kepler Energy